模式(Pattern)
-
什么是模式?
- 模式是用于匹配的規(guī)則，比如switch的case、捕捉錯誤的catch、if\guard\while\for語句的條件等
-
Swift中的模式有
- 通配符模式(Wildcard Pattern)
- 標(biāo)識符模式(Identifier Pattern)
- 值綁定模式(Value-Binding Pattern)
- 元組模式(Tuple Pattern)
- 枚舉Case模式(Enumeration Case Pattern)
- 可選模式(Optional Pattern)
- 類型轉(zhuǎn)換模式(Type-Casting Pattern)
- 表達(dá)式模式(Expression Pattern)
通配符模式(Wildcard Pattern)
enum Life {
case human(name: String, age: Int?)
case animal(name: String, age: Int?)
}
func check(_ life: Life) {
switch life {
case .human(let name, _):
print("human", name)
case .animal(let name, _?):
print("animal", name)
default:
print("other")
}
}
check(.human(name: "Rose", age: 20)) // human Rose
check(.human(name: "Jack", age: nil)) // human Jack
check(.animal(name: "Dog", age: 5)) // animal Dog
check(.animal(name: "Cat", age: nil)) // other
標(biāo)識符模式(Identifier Pattern)
var age = 10
let name = "jack"
值綁定模式(Value-Binding Pattern)
let point = (3, 2)
switch point {
case let (x, y):
print("The point is at (\(x), \(y)).")
}
元組模式(Tuple Pattern)
let points = [(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)]
for (x, _) in points {
print(x)
}
let name: String? = "jack"
let age = 18
let info: Any = [1, 2]
switch (name, age, info) {
case (_?, _ , _ as String):
print("case")
default:
print("default")
} // default
var scores = ["jack" : 98, "rose" : 100, "kate" : 86]
for (name, score) in scores {
print(name, score)
}
枚舉Case模式(Enumeration Case Pattern)
- if case語句等價于只有1個case的switch語句
let age = 2
// 原來的寫法
if age >= 0 && age <= 9 {
print("[0, 9]")
}
// 枚舉Case模式
if case 0...9 = age {
print("[0, 9]")
}
guard case 0...9 = age else { return }
print("[0, 9]")
switch age {
case 0...9: print("[0, 9]")
default: break
}
let ages: [Int?] = [2, 3, nil, 5]
for case nil in ages {
print("有nil值")
break
} // 有nil值
let points = [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0)]
for case let (x, 0) in points {
print(x)
} // 1 3
可選模式(Optional Pattern)
let age: Int? = 42
if case .some(let x) = age { print(x) }
if case let x? = age { print(x) }
let ages: [Int?] = [nil, 2, 3, nil, 5]
for case let age? in ages {
print(age)
} // 2 3 5
let ages: [Int?] = [nil, 2, 3, nil, 5]
for item in ages {
if let age = item {
print(age)
}
} // 跟上面的for，效果是等價的
func check(_ num: Int?) {
switch num {
case 2?: print("2")
case 4?: print("4")
case 6?: print("6")
case _?: print("other")
case _: print("nil")
}
}
check(4) // 4
check(8) // other
check(nil) // nil
類型轉(zhuǎn)換模式(Type-Casting Pattern)
let num: Any = 6
switch num {
case is Int:
// 編譯器依然認(rèn)為num是Any類型
print("is Int", num)
//case let n as Int:
// print("as Int", n + 1)
default:
break
}
class Animal { func eat() { print(type(of: self), "eat") } }
class Dog : Animal { func run() { print(type(of: self), "run") } }
class Cat : Animal { func jump() { print(type(of: self), "jump") } }
func check(_ animal: Animal) {
switch animal {
case let dog as Dog:
dog.eat()
dog.run()
case is Cat:
animal.eat()
default: break
}
}
// Dog eat
// Dog run
check(Dog())
// Cat eat
check(Cat())
表達(dá)式模式(Expression Pattern)
let point = (1, 2)
switch point {
case (0, 0):
print("(0, 0) is at the origin.")
case (-2...2, -2...2):
print("(\(point.0), \(point.1)) is near the origin.")
default:
print("The point is at (\(point.0), \(point.1)).")
} // (1, 2) is near the origin.
自定義表達(dá)式模式
- 可以通過重載運(yùn)算符，自定義表達(dá)式模式的匹配規(guī)則
struct Student {
var score = 0, name = ""
static func ~= (pattern: Int, value: Student) -> Bool { value.score >= pattern }
static func ~= (pattern: ClosedRange<Int>, value: Student) -> Bool { pattern.contains(value.score) }
static func ~= (pattern: Range<Int>, value: Student) -> Bool { pattern.contains(value.score) }
}
var stu = Student(score: 75, name: "Jack")
switch stu {
case 100: print(">= 100")
case 90: print(">= 90")
case 80..<90: print("[80, 90)")
case 60...79: print("[60, 79]")
case 0: print(">= 0")
default: break
} // [60, 79]
if case 60 = stu {
print(">= 60")
} // >= 60
var info = (Student(score: 70, name: "Jack"), "及格")
switch info {
case let (60, text): print(text)
default: break
} // 及格
自定義表達(dá)式模式
extension String {
static func ~= (pattern: (String) -> Bool, value: String) -> Bool {
pattern(value)
}
}
func hasPrefix(_ prefix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) { { $0.hasPrefix(prefix) } }
func hasSuffix(_ suffix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) { { $0.hasSuffix(suffix) } }
var str = "jack"
switch str {
case hasPrefix("j"), hasSuffix("k"):
print("以j開頭，以k結(jié)尾")
default: break
} // 以j開頭，以k結(jié)尾
自定義表達(dá)式模式
func isEven(_ i: Int) -> Bool { i % 2 == 0 }
func isOdd(_ i:
extension Int {
static func
} }
Int)->Bool{i%2!=0}
~= (pattern: (Int) -> Bool, value: Int) -> Bool { pattern(value)
var age = 9
switch age {
case isEven:
print("偶數(shù)")
case isOdd:
print("奇數(shù)")
default:
print("其他")
}
var age = 9
switch age {
case ~>=0:
print("1")
case ~>10:
print("2")
default: break
} // [0, 10]
prefix operator ~>
prefix operator ~>=
prefix operator ~<
prefix operator ~<=
prefix func ~> (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) { { $0 > i } }
prefix func ~>= (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) { { $0 >= i } }
prefix func ~< (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) { { $0 < i } }
prefix func ~<= (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) { { $0 <= i } }
where
var data = (10, "Jack")
switch data {
case let (age, _) where age > 10:
print(data.1, "age>10")
case let (age, _) where age > 0:
print(data.1, "age>0")
default: break
}
var ages = [10, 20, 44, 23, 55]
for age in ages where age > 30 {
print(age)
} // 44 55
protocol Stackable { associatedtype Element }
protocol Container {
associatedtype Stack : Stackable where Stack.Element : Equatable
}
func equal<S1: Stackable, S2: Stackable>(_ s1: S1, _ s2: S2) -> Bool
where S1.Element == S2.Element, S1.Element : Hashable {
return false
}
extension Container where Self.Stack.Element : Hashable { }
