夏鵬
難度：CSE8
課程導(dǎo)讀
本節(jié)課我們將開始進(jìn)入第十七章的學(xué)習(xí)，儒家思想在經(jīng)歷了春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的發(fā)展后，又有了新的變化，同時(shí)也出現(xiàn)了繼承發(fā)展了儒家思想的理論家，董仲舒就是其中一位。對(duì)于這位理論家，我們聽的最多的，大概就是他“罷黜百家，獨(dú)尊儒術(shù)”的建議，他為什么會(huì)提出這個(gè)建議，以及他個(gè)人對(duì)儒家思想有什么貢獻(xiàn)呢，我們一起走入第十七章的學(xué)習(xí)。
【本課為11月17日《中國(guó)哲學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史》直播課現(xiàn)場(chǎng)剪輯版】
英文原文
CHAPTER17 THEORIZER OF THE HAN EMPIRE: TUNG CHUNG-SHU
MENCIUS once said that those who do not delight in killing men would unify the world. (Mencius, Ia, 6.) It would seem that he was wrong, because, some hundred years later, it was the state of Ch'in that unified the whole of China. Ch'in was superior to the other states in the arts of both "agriculture and war," that is, it was superior both economically and militarily. It was known at the time as "the state of tigers and wolves." By sheer force of arms, coupled with the ruthless ideology of the Legalists, it succeeded in conquering all its rivals.
The Amalgamation of the Yin-Yang and Confucianist Schools
Yet Mencius was not wholly wrong, for the Ch'in dynasty, which was established after the unification of 221 B.C., lasted only about fifteen years. Soon after the death of the First Emperor his empire disintegrated in a series of rebellions against the harsh Ch'in rule, and was succeeded by the Han dynasty (206 B.C.—A.D. 220). The Han inherited the concept of political unity of the Ch'in, and continued its unfinished work, that is, the building up of a new political and social order.
Tung Chung-shu (c. 179—c. 104 B.C.) was the great theorizer in such an attempt. A native of the southern part of the present Hopei province, he was largely instrumental in making Confucianism the orthodox belief of the Han dynasty, at the expense of the other schools of thought. He was also prominent in the creation of the institutional basis for this Confucian orthodoxy: the famed Chinese examination system, which began to take form during his time. Under this system, entry into the ranks of the government officials who ruled the country was not dependent upon noble birth or wealth, but rather upon success in a series of periodic examinations which were conducted by the government simultaneously throughout the country, and were open to all members of society with but trifling exceptions. These examinations, to be sure, were still embryonic in the Han dynasty and did not become really universal until several centuries later. It is to Tung Chung-shu's credit, however, that he was one of the first to propose them, and it is also significant that in so doing he insisted upon the Confucian classics as the ideological basis for their operation.
生詞好句
1.theorizer
英 [?θ??ra?z?] 美 [?θ?ra?z?r]
n. 理論家
2.ruthless
英 [?ru?θl?s] 美 [?ru?θl?s]
adj. 無情的（merciless）
3.Amalgamation
英 [??m?lɡ??me???n] 美 [??m?lɡ??me???n]
n. 合流，合并，聯(lián)合（combination）
4.disintegrate
英 [d??s?nt?ɡre?t] 美 [d??s?nt?ɡre?t]
v. 分裂
5.the harsh Ch'in rule
秦朝暴政
拓展:
the harsh rule 暴政
拓展：
推薦讀書：《樞紐》
6.orthodox
英 [???θ?d?ks] 美 [???rθ?dɑ?ks]
adj. 正統(tǒng)的
拓展:
Orthodox（東）正教的
7.institutional
adj. 制度的
拓展:
institution n. 制度
8.famed
英 [fe?md] 美 [fe?md]
adj. 著名的，聞名的（famous）
9.trifling
英 [?tra?fl??] 美 [?tra?fl??]
adj. 微不足道的
10.embryonic
英 [?embri??n?k] 美 [?embri?ɑ?n?k]
adj. 胚胎的
拓展:
embryo n. 胚胎
