面向?qū)ο筮M階
isinstance和issubclass
isinstance(obj,cls)檢查是否obj是否是類 cls 的對象
class Foo(object):
? ? pass?
obj = Foo()
isinstance(obj, Foo)
issubclass(sub, super)檢查sub類是否是 super 類的派生類?
class Foo(object):
? ? pass class Bar(Foo):
? ? pass
issubclass(Bar, Foo)
反射
1 什么是反射
反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的,主要是指程序可以訪問、檢測和修改它本身狀態(tài)或行為的一種能力(自?。_@一概念的提出很快引發(fā)了計算機科學(xué)領(lǐng)域關(guān)于應(yīng)用反射性的研究。它首先被程序語言的設(shè)計領(lǐng)域所采用,并在Lisp和面向?qū)ο蠓矫嫒〉昧顺煽儭?/p>
2 python面向?qū)ο笾械姆瓷洌和ㄟ^字符串的形式操作對象相關(guān)的屬性。python中的一切事物都是對象(都可以使用反射)
四個可以實現(xiàn)自省的函數(shù)
下列方法適用于類和對象(一切皆對象,類本身也是一個對象)
def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown? ? """
? ? Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
? ? This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
? ? """? ? pass
以下實例展示了 hasattr 的使用方法:
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- class Coordinate:
? ? x = 10? ? y = -5? ? z = 0 point1 = Coordinate() print(hasattr(point1, 'x'))print(hasattr(point1, 'y'))print(hasattr(point1, 'z'))print(hasattr(point1, 'no'))? # 沒有該屬性
def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr? ? """
? ? getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
? ? Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
? ? When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
? ? exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
? ? """? ? pass
以下實例展示了 getattr 的使用方法:
>>>class A(object):
...? ? bar = 1...
>>> a = A()>>> getattr(a, 'bar')? ? ? ? # 獲取屬性 bar 值1>>> getattr(a, 'bar2')? ? ? # 屬性 bar2 不存在,觸發(fā)異常Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'bar2'>>> getattr(a, 'bar2', 3)? ? # 屬性 bar2 不存在,但設(shè)置了默認值3
def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__? ? """
? ? Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
? ? setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
? ? """? ? pass
以下實例展示了 setattr() 函數(shù)的使用方法:
實例一
>>>class A(object):
...? ? bar = 1...
>>> a = A()>>> getattr(a, 'bar')? ? ? ? ? # 獲取屬性 bar 值1>>> setattr(a, 'bar', 5)? ? ? # 設(shè)置屬性 bar 值>>> a.bar5
實例二
def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__? ? """
? ? Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
? ? delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''
? ? """? ? pass
以下實例展示了 delattr 的使用方法:實例一class Coordinate:
? ? x = 10? ? y = -5? ? z = 0 point1 = Coordinate()
print('x = ',point1.x)print('y = ',point1.y)print('z = ',point1.z) delattr(Coordinate, 'z') print('--刪除 z 屬性后--')print('x = ',point1.x)print('y = ',point1.y) # 觸發(fā)錯誤print('z = ',point1.z)
實例二
class Foo:
? ? f = '類的靜態(tài)變量'? ? def __init__(self,name,age):
? ? ? ? self.name=name
? ? ? ? self.age=age
? ? def say_hi(self):
? ? ? ? print('hi,%s'%self.name)
obj=Foo('egon',73)#檢測是否含有某屬性print(hasattr(obj,'name'))print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))#獲取屬性n=getattr(obj,'name')print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #報錯#設(shè)置屬性setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')print(obj.__dict__)print(obj.show_name(obj))#刪除屬性delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,則報錯print(obj.__dict__)
實例三
class Foo(object):
? ? staticField = "old boy"
? ? def __init__(self):
? ? ? ? self.name = 'wupeiqi'
? ? def func(self):
? ? ? ? return 'func'
? ? @staticmethod
? ? def bar():
? ? ? ? return 'bar' print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')? #獲取到屬性值print getattr(Foo, 'func') #獲取到func的地址print getattr(Foo, 'bar')
實例四
import sys
def s1():
? ? print 's1'def s2():
? ? print 's2'this_module = sys.modules[__name__]
hasattr(this_module, 's1')
getattr(this_module, 's2')
導(dǎo)入其他模塊,利用反射查找該模塊是否存在某個方法
def test():
? ? print('from the test')
"""
程序目錄:
? ? module_test.py
? ? index.py
當前文件:
? ? index.py
"""import module_test as obj#obj.test()print(hasattr(obj,'test'))
getattr(obj,'test')()
__str__和__repr__
改變對象的字符串顯示__str__,__repr__
自定制格式化字符串__format__
#_*_coding:utf-8_*_format_dict={
? ? 'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#學(xué)校名-學(xué)校地址-學(xué)校類型? ? 'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#學(xué)校類型:學(xué)校名:學(xué)校地址? ? 'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#學(xué)校類型/學(xué)校地址/學(xué)校名}class School:
? ? def __init__(self,name,addr,type):
? ? ? ? self.name=name
? ? ? ? self.addr=addr
? ? ? ? self.type=type
? ? def __repr__(self):
? ? ? ? return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
? ? def __str__(self):
? ? ? ? return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
? ? def __format__(self, format_spec):
? ? ? ? # if format_spec? ? ? ? if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
? ? ? ? ? ? format_spec='nat'? ? ? ? fmt=format_dict[format_spec]
? ? ? ? return fmt.format(obj=self)
s1=School('oldboy1','北京','私立')print('from repr: ',repr(s1))print('from str: ',str(s1))print(s1)'''
str函數(shù)或者print函數(shù)--->obj.__str__()
repr或者交互式解釋器--->obj.__repr__()
如果__str__沒有被定義,那么就會使用__repr__來代替輸出
注意:這倆方法的返回值必須是字符串,否則拋出異常
'''print(format(s1,'nat'))print(format(s1,'tna'))print(format(s1,'tan'))print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))
class B:
? ? def __str__(self):
? ? ? ? return 'str : class B'? ? def __repr__(self):
? ? ? ? return 'repr : class B'b=B()print('%s'%b)print('%r'%b)
__del__
析構(gòu)方法,當對象在內(nèi)存中被釋放時,自動觸發(fā)執(zhí)行。
注:此方法一般無須定義,因為Python是一門高級語言,程序員在使用時無需關(guān)心內(nèi)存的分配和釋放,因為此工作都是交給Python解釋器來執(zhí)行,所以,析構(gòu)函數(shù)的調(diào)用是由解釋器在進行垃圾回收時自動觸發(fā)執(zhí)行的。
class Foo:
? ? def __del__(self):
? ? ? ? print('執(zhí)行我啦')
f1=Foo()del f1print('------->')#輸出結(jié)果執(zhí)行我啦
------->
item系列
__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__
class Foo:
? ? def __init__(self,name):
? ? ? ? self.name=name
? ? def __getitem__(self, item):
? ? ? ? print(self.__dict__[item])
? ? def __setitem__(self, key, value):
? ? ? ? self.__dict__[key]=value
? ? ? ? print("f1['age']=18時,我執(zhí)行")
? ? def __delitem__(self, key):
? ? ? ? print('del obj[key]時,我執(zhí)行')
? ? ? ? self.__dict__.pop(key)
? ? def __delattr__(self, item):
? ? ? ? print('del obj.key時,我執(zhí)行')
? ? ? ? self.__dict__.pop(item)
f1=Foo('sb')
# __dict__[item] 內(nèi)部是以字典的形式保存數(shù)據(jù)
# __setitem__設(shè)置 key, value
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
# __getitem__ 輸出設(shè)置的值
print(f1.age)?
# __delattr__ 根據(jù)Key刪除設(shè)置的屬性
del f1.age1
# __delitem__ 根據(jù)value刪除設(shè)置的屬性
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)
__new__
View Code
class A:
? ? def __init__(self):
? ? ? ? self.x = 1
? ? ? ? print('in init function')
? ? def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
? ? ? ? print('in new function')
? ? ? ? return object.__new__(A, *args, **kwargs)
a = A()
print(a.x)
單例模式
class Singleton:
? ? def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
? ? ? ? if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
? ? ? ? ? ? cls._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
? ? ? ? return cls._instance
one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()
two.a = 3print(one.a)# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is檢測print(id(one))# 29097904print(id(two))# 29097904print(one == two)# Trueprint(one is two)
__call__
對象后面加括號,觸發(fā)執(zhí)行。
注:構(gòu)造方法的執(zhí)行是由創(chuàng)建對象觸發(fā)的,即:對象 = 類名() ;而對于 __call__ 方法的執(zhí)行是由對象后加括號觸發(fā)的,即:對象() 或者 類()()
class Foo:
? ? def __init__(self):
? ? ? ? pass? ?
? ? def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
? ? ? ? print('__call__')
obj = Foo() # 執(zhí)行 __init__obj()? ? ? # 執(zhí)行 __call__
__len__
class A:
? ? def __init__(self):
? ? ? ? self.a = 1
? ? ? ? self.b = 2
? ? def __len__(self):
? ? ? ? return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()print(len(a))
__hash__
class A:
? ? def __init__(self):
? ? ? ? self.a = 1
? ? ? ? self.b = 2
? ? def __hash__(self):
? ? ? ? return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()print(hash(a))
__eq__
class A:
? ? def __init__(self):
? ? ? ? self.a = 1
? ? ? ? self.b = 2
? ? def __eq__(self,obj):
? ? ? ? if? self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
? ? ? ? ? ? return True
a = A()
b = A()print(a == b)
紙牌游戲
from collections import namedtuple
Card = namedtuple('Card',['rank','suit'])
class FranchDeck:
? ? ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA')
? ? suits = ['紅心','方板','梅花','黑桃']
? ? def __init__(self):
? ? ? ? self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? for suit in FranchDeck.suits]
? ? def __len__(self):
? ? ? ? return len(self._cards)
? ? def __getitem__(self, item):
? ? ? ? return self._cards[item]
deck = FranchDeck()print(deck[0])from random import choiceprint(choice(deck))print(choice(deck))
紙牌游戲2
from collections import namedtuple
Card = namedtuple('Card',['rank','suit'])
class FranchDeck:
? ? ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA')
? ? suits = ['紅心','方板','梅花','黑桃']
? ? def __init__(self):
? ? ? ? self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? for suit in FranchDeck.suits]
? ? def __len__(self):
? ? ? ? return len(self._cards)
? ? def __getitem__(self, item):
? ? ? ? return self._cards[item]
? ? def __setitem__(self, key, value):
? ? ? ? self._cards[key] = value
deck = FranchDeck()
print(deck[0])
from random import choice
print(choice(deck))
print(choice(deck))
from random import shuffle
shuffle(deck)
print(deck[:5])
一道面試題
class Person:
? ? def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
? ? ? ? self.name = name
? ? ? ? self.age = age
? ? ? ? self.sex = sex
? ? def __hash__(self):
? ? ? ? return hash(self.name+self.sex)
? ? def __eq__(self, other):
? ? ? ? if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True
p_lst = []for i in range(84):
? ? p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))print(p_lst)print(set(p_lst))