第一章標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與方法
一、譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(準(zhǔn)確,通順,完整)
1.準(zhǔn)確:譯文符合英文原意
例: Furthermore, umans have the aility to
modify the environment.
參考答案:人類(lèi)有能力去改造環(huán)境。
2.通順:譯文符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。
例:wetied in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.
我們盡力勸說(shuō)他放棄錯(cuò)誤的信念,但沒(méi)有成功。
翻譯小技巧:句中不通順,有歧義的部分,扔去句首或句尾,單獨(dú)成句。
3.完整:不增減原文意思。
練習(xí)
He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing his book,which the shudents arefamiiar withn.
二、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn).
1.如果句子譯文明顯扭曲原文意義,該句得分最多不超過(guò)0.5分
2.如果考生就一個(gè)題目提供了兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的譯法,若均正確,,給分;如果其中 -個(gè)譯法有誤,按照錯(cuò)誤譯法評(píng)分。
3.中文錯(cuò)別字不個(gè)別扣分,按整篇累計(jì)扣分,在不影響意思的前提下,滿(mǎn)三個(gè)錯(cuò)別字扣0.5分,無(wú)0.25扣分。
三、長(zhǎng)難句翻譯三步法
第一步:拆,主干+修飾(信號(hào)詞);
第二步:譯,分別對(duì)主干和修飾成分進(jìn)行切塊翻譯;
第三步:合將主干和修飾的譯文組合(調(diào)整語(yǔ)序,刪減,添加)。
如何拆分?
因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)比較明顯,在理解英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,我們可以把主千部分和修飾部分拆分出來(lái)。而修飾部分通常會(huì)有一些明顯的信號(hào)詞,作為標(biāo)志。
請(qǐng)尋找下面一些"信號(hào)詞"來(lái)對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子 進(jìn)行拆分,進(jìn)而更加有效地理解英語(yǔ)原文
1.連詞:如and,or, but yet,fr等并列連詞連接的并列句;還有連接狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞,如when,assince untilbefore, afer where, because, since,thougth,aithough,So tat等等;
2.關(guān)系詞:如連接名詞性從句的who,whom, whos,what,which,whatever, whichever和when, where howwhy;連接定語(yǔ)從句的who,which, that, whom,hose等等;
例: I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to thehospital the day before.
3.介詞:如on, in, with, at, of, to等,但含介詞的固定搭配無(wú)需拆解;
4.不定式符號(hào)to:不定式常常構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ);
例: Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus…
5.分詞:過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)作修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),可以是拆分點(diǎn)。
例: They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers.
6.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)常常斷開(kāi)句子的主千和修飾成分,是明顯的拆分點(diǎn);
7.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí),可將主語(yǔ)單獨(dú)拆分出來(lái)。
例: The emphasis on data gathered firsthand, combined with a cross- cultural perspectivebrought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctlyimportant social science.
綜合練習(xí)
1. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospitalthe day before.
2. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workerswho could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever newproducts for their factories to make.
第二章翻譯專(zhuān)題
一、定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯
1.翻譯方法
a.“的”字句
例: The people who called yesterday want to buy the house.
昨天打電話來(lái)的人想買(mǎi)這座房子。
b.重復(fù)先行詞,單獨(dú)成句
例: The thief, who was about to escape, was caught by the policemen.
這個(gè)小偷被警察抓住了,他剛剛準(zhǔn)備逃跑。
“的”字句——若定從較短,或結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單;
單獨(dú)成句——若定從較長(zhǎng), 或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。
(二者均可時(shí),“單獨(dú)成句”語(yǔ)氣更從容、邏輯更清晰。)
列: Actually, there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world doesnot have.
人們關(guān)于人權(quán)問(wèn)題有一種根本不存在的共識(shí)。
人們關(guān)于人權(quán)問(wèn)題有一種共識(shí),而這種共識(shí)是不存在的。(更從容、更清晰)
3.真題練習(xí)
( I ) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, ...
(2) It is mankind's instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
(3) There will be cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯
1.翻譯方法
方法一:直接省略“被”;
方法二:若不通順,則換主動(dòng)(被字句換把字句);
方法三:若主語(yǔ)找不到,則換成泛指主語(yǔ)一“有人, 我們,大家,這,那”;
方法四:若不通順,保留被動(dòng),把“被”換掉一-由, 得到,受到,加以,得以;者以上方法都行不通,則回到“被”字。
方法解析:
方法一:省略“被’
例: The church was built in 1963.
這座教堂被建于1963 年。
這座教堂建于1963年。
方法二:若不通順,則換主動(dòng)(被字句換把字句)
例: Legal leaming has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers.
法律學(xué)習(xí)一直被這 些機(jī)構(gòu)看作律師的專(zhuān)門(mén)工作。
這些機(jī)構(gòu)一直把法律學(xué)習(xí)看作律師的專(zhuān)門(mén)工作。
方法三:若主語(yǔ)找不到,則換成泛指主語(yǔ). “有人,我們,大家,這,那"
例: Animals should be treated with consideration.
動(dòng)物應(yīng)該被細(xì)心對(duì)待。
人類(lèi)應(yīng)該細(xì)心對(duì)待動(dòng)物。
方法四:若不通順,保留被動(dòng),把“被”換掉一由, 得到,受到,加以,得以
例: I was praised by Mr. White.
我被懷特先生表?yè)P(yáng)了。
我受到了懷特先生表?yè)P(yáng)。
若以上方法都不行,則回到“被”字翻譯。
2.練習(xí)
The problem has been solved.
問(wèn)題已經(jīng)被解決。
問(wèn)題已經(jīng)得以解決。
3.真題練習(xí)
( 1 ) This instinct should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
這種本能應(yīng)該被鼓勵(lì),而不應(yīng)該被嘲笑。
3.真題練習(xí)
(1 ) This instinct should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
這種本能應(yīng)該被鼓勵(lì),而不應(yīng)該被嘲笑。
改1:這種本能應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì),而不應(yīng)該嘲笑。
改2:這種本能應(yīng)該加以鼓勵(lì),而不應(yīng)該遭到嘲笑。
改3:人們應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)這種本能,而不應(yīng)該嘲笑它。
(2 ) The selective role of the environment is only beginning to be recognized and studied.環(huán)境的選擇作用只是剛剛開(kāi)始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。
改1:環(huán)境的選擇作用只是剛剛開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。
改2:環(huán)境的選擇作用只是剛剛開(kāi)始加以認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。
改3:人們對(duì)于環(huán)境選擇作用的認(rèn)識(shí)和研究只是剛剛才開(kāi)始。
三、其他常見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法的翻譯
(一)There be句型的翻譯(翻譯關(guān)鍵:確定主語(yǔ))
1.翻譯方法
(1)..+有;
(2)句中名詞+有;
(3)泛指代詞+有(如“我們,有人,大家,這....);
(4)若都找不到,則回到“有”。
例: There is an apple on the table.
有人把一個(gè)蘋(píng)果放在桌子上。
2.真題練習(xí)
(1) There was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states.
人們相信,新興的國(guó)家應(yīng)該主權(quán)獨(dú)立。
(二)同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯
1.翻譯方法
方法1: that 翻譯為“即”, 或冒號(hào)“:”;
方法2: that 翻譯為“的"(有時(shí)“的”可省略)。
方法1: that 翻譯為“即”,或冒號(hào)
例: We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.
我們已經(jīng)得出這樣的結(jié)論:實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
方法2:翻譯為“的”(有時(shí)“的”可省略)
例1: The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money.
困難在于我們?nèi)狈Y金( 的)這個(gè)事實(shí)。
例2: No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.
沒(méi)有人對(duì)他將成為他們的老板(的)這一事實(shí)感到高興。
2.練習(xí)
(1 ) Two months ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material couldbe turned into gasoline.
兩個(gè)月前,科學(xué)家們獲得了一個(gè)令人振奮的發(fā)現(xiàn).
(2) The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense.
認(rèn)為有些民族優(yōu)越于其他民族的想法簡(jiǎn)直荒謬。
3.真題練習(xí)
( 1 ) But the idea that the joumalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinarycitizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of thenews media.
但是,人們有一種觀點(diǎn),即新聞工作者對(duì)于法律的理解應(yīng)該比普通公民更加深刻,這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是在對(duì)于新聞媒體的既定規(guī)范和特殊的社會(huì)責(zé)任有深刻認(rèn)識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)之上建立的。
(2 ) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the ideathat the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
沃爾夫?qū)φZ(yǔ)言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣,他逐漸形成了這樣一種(觀念):在一個(gè)社會(huì)里,語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定了習(xí)慣思維結(jié)構(gòu)。