DAY 90 Has covid-19 killed globalisation?

?globalisation? /?ɡl??b?la??ze??n/
?the fact that different cultures and economic systems around the world are becoming connected and similar to each other because of the influence of large?multinational?companies and of improved communication

The flow of people, trade and capital will be slowed

1 Even before?the pandemic, globalisation was in trouble. The open system of trade that had dominated the world economy for decades had been damaged by the financial crash and the Sino-American trade war. Now it is reeling from its third body-blow in a dozen years as lockdowns have sealed borders and disrupted commerce (see?Briefing). The number of passengers at Heathrow has dropped by 97% year-on-year; Mexican car exports fell by 90% in April; 21% of transpacific container-sailings in May have been cancelled. As economies reopen, activity will recover, but don’t expect a quick return to a carefree world of unfettered movement and free trade. The pandemic will politicise travel and migration and entrench a bias towards self-reliance. This inward-looking lurch will enfeeble the recovery, leave the economy vulnerable and spread geopolitical instability.

dominate? ? /?d?m?ne?t/? vt. 控制；支配；占優(yōu)勢(shì)；在…中占主要地位
to control or have a lot of influence over somebody/something, especially in an unpleasant way

Sino-American? adj. 中美的?
Sino-? ['sain?u]? pref. 中國(guó)的 Chinese?? 前綴??
eg：?Sino-Japanese relations?
Sinopec?? [?sa?no??p?k]?? 中國(guó)石油化工集團(tuán)有限公司? 中國(guó)石化

reel from 由于…而蹣跚；受…的不好影響
reel?v. 迷惑，震驚；（因突然受挫）暈眩；（尤指醉酒）走路踉蹌

body-blow /?b?di bl??/? 嚴(yán)重打擊? ；重?fù)簦ㄈ瓝舯荣愔校?；慘敗，大失所望
something which has damaging effects on somebody/something, creating problems or causing somebody to be very disappointed

a dozen years? 十幾年來(lái)。? 一打；十二個(gè)

?lockdown ? /?l?kda?n/? 禁令；防范禁閉(期)?
an official order to control the movement of people or vehicles because of a dangerous situation

commerce? /?k?m??s/? n
?trade, especially between countries; the buying and selling of goods and services
? disrupted? 使瓦解；使分裂；陷于混亂?
VERB使中斷;擾亂If someone or something?disrupts?an event, system, or process, they cause difficulties that prevent it from continuing or operating in a normal way. ?
briefing? [?bri?f??]? n. 概要；簡(jiǎn)報(bào)；作戰(zhàn)指示
passenger ? ? /?p?s?nd??(r)/
year-on-year ['j?:r,?n'j?:?? adj. 與上年同期數(shù)字相比的
each year, compared with the last year

transpacific [,tr?nsp?'s?f?k]?
crossing the Pacific 跨太平洋的??
container-sailing
[k?n?te?n?(r)]?
a very large metal or wooden box used for transporting goods so that they can be loaded easily onto ships and trucks. 集裝箱
sailing [?se?l??]
Sailings?are trips made by a ship carrying passengers. N-COUNT水運(yùn)航班

?carefree? [?ke?fri:]?? ADJ-GRADED無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的;毫無(wú)牽掛的
doesn't have or involve any problems, worries, or responsibilities.
unfettered?? [?n?fet?d ] <正>不受限制的，不受約束的;
?not limited in any way
unfetter 解放

entrench [?n?trent?]
vt. 確立，牢固；用壕溝圍住；挖掘 vi. 侵犯；挖掘壕溝
?to establish something very strongly so that it is very difficult to change

bias? /?ba??s/? 偏愛(ài) 偏見(jiàn)
a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement

self-reliance n./?self r??la??ns/ 自立;?自力更生，依靠自己;
the ability to do things and make decisions by yourself, without needing other people to help you.

inward-looking? ['?nw?dl'?k??]? adj.只關(guān)注自身的；封閉的;
lurch /l??t?/?? n. 突然傾斜；失敗，挫折；蹣跚
a sudden, unsteady movement that moves you forward or to the side and nearly makes you lose your balance
enfeeble? ?[?n?fi?bl]??
to make weak; deprive of strength 使衰弱; 使無(wú)力
vulnerable 脆弱

politicise?? /p??l?t?sa?z/??vt. 使政治化， 使具有政治性； 使對(duì)政治有興趣
?politicize something?to make something a political issue

?globalisation? ?通常意義上的全球化是指全球聯(lián)系不斷增強(qiáng)，人類(lèi)生活在全球規(guī)模的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展及全球意識(shí)的崛起。國(guó)與國(guó)之間在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易上互相依存。全球化亦可以解釋為世界的壓縮和視全球?yàn)橐粋€(gè)整體。?

1.“中石化”全名是中國(guó)石油化工股份有限公司（China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation）;[p??tr??li?m]
2.Sino代表中國(guó)(的)，相當(dāng)于China ,就是“漢”的意思（注意,這個(gè)詞只能作為前綴...
3.“PE”就是石油(Petroleum)的縮寫(xiě);
4.C是化學(xué)品的縮寫(xiě)。?

倫敦希思羅國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)（London Heathrow International Airport，IATA：LHR，ICAO：EGLL） 位于倫敦市中心以西22公里處，希靈登區(qū)南端，是4F級(jí)國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)，大型國(guó)際樞紐機(jī)場(chǎng)，是全歐洲最繁忙的機(jī)場(chǎng)，也是全世界最繁忙的機(jī)場(chǎng)之一，同時(shí)也是全世界最大的機(jī)場(chǎng)之一。

spread?

?entrench?a?bias?towards?self-reliance? 加深對(duì)自力更生的偏見(jiàn)

2 The world has had several epochs of integration, but the trading system that emerged in the 1990s went further than ever before. China became the world’s factory and borders opened to people, goods, capital and information (see?Chaguan). After Lehman Brothers collapsed in 2008 most banks and some multinational firms pulled back. Trade and foreign investment stagnated relative to?gdp, a process this newspaper later called slowbalisation. Then came President Donald Trump’s trade wars, which mixed worries about blue-collar jobs and China’s autocratic capitalism with a broader agenda of chauvinism and contempt for alliances. At the moment when the virus first started to spread in Wuhan last year, America’s tariff rate on imports was back to its highest level since 1993 and both America and China had begun to decouple their technology industries.

epoch? / ?i?p?k/? ?= era? ?n.紀(jì)元;?時(shí)期;?新時(shí)代;?世;
1> ?(formal or literary)?a period of time in history, especially one during which important events or changes happen
2> ?(geology) a length of time that is a division of a period

integration?? /??nt??ɡre??n/?? n
?the act or process of combining two or more things so that they work together

pull back? 拉回；撤回；拉為平手；反悔
?1> (of an army)?to move back from a place? = withdraw
2>? ?to decide not to do something that you were intending to do, because of possible problems =? withdraw?

stagnate? /st?ɡ?ne?t/? 停滯不前
1>? ?to stop developing or making progress

slowbalisation? 慢全球化

autocratic capitalism? 專(zhuān)制資本主義——中特
autocratic?? /???t??kr?t?k/? = despotic
having complete power; involving rule by somebody who has complete power

chauvinism? /????v?n?z?m/? 沙文主義
1>?an aggressive and unreasonable belief that your own country is better than all others
2>? the belief held by some men that men are more important, intelligent, etc. than women

contempt for? = have no respect for

alliances? 同盟國(guó)

decouple? ?脫鉤
separate, disengage, or dissociate (something) from something else
coupling? 耦合，去耦

3 Since January a new wave of disruption has spread westward from Asia. Factory, shop and office closures have caused demand to tumble and prevented suppliers from reaching customers. The damage is not universal. Food is still getting through, Apple insists it can still make iPhones and China’s exports have held up so far, buoyed by sales of medical gear. But the overall effect is savage. World goods trade may shrink by 10-30% this year. In the first ten days of May exports from South Korea, a trade powerhouse, fell by 46% year-on-year, probably the worst decline since records began in 1967.

tumble?? /?t?mbl/? ?v
to fall rapidly in value or amount
vi. 摔倒；倒塌；滾動(dòng)；打滾；倉(cāng)惶地行動(dòng)
vt. 使摔倒；使?jié)L翻；弄亂

get through
1> ?to use up a large amount of something
2>??to manage to do or complete something ??

hold up? ?舉起；阻擋；攔截
1> ?to remain strong and working effectively
2>? ?to support somebody/something and stop them from falling
3>? ?to delay or block the movement or progress of somebody/something

buoy?? /b??/? ?v
1> buoy somebody (up)?to make somebody feel cheerful or confident
2>??buoy somebody/something (up) to keep somebody/something floating on water
3>??buoy something (up) to keep prices at a high or acceptable level
n. 浮標(biāo)，航標(biāo)；救生圈
v. （使）浮起；（使）振奮；（使）價(jià)格上?。粸椤O(shè)浮標(biāo)

gear /ɡ??(r)/??
[u] the equipment or clothing needed for a particular activity

China’s exports have?held up?so far,?buoyed?by sales of medical?gear
中國(guó)的出口額因醫(yī)療設(shè)備的出口保持堅(jiān)挺

powerhouse
A?powerhouse?is a person, country, or organization that has a lot of power or influence. 權(quán)威人士; 強(qiáng)國(guó); 權(quán)勢(shì)集團(tuán)

4 The underlying anarchy of global governance is being exposed. France and Britain have squabbled over quarantine rules, China is threatening Australia with punitive tariffs for demanding an investigation into the virus’s origins and the White House remains on the warpath about trade. Despite some instances of co-operation during the pandemic, such as the Federal Reserve’s loans to other central banks, America has been reluctant to act as the world’s leader. Chaos and division at home have damaged its prestige. China’s secrecy and bullying have confirmed that it is unwilling—and unfit—to pick up the mantle. Around the world, public opinion is shifting away from globalisation. People have been disturbed to find that their health depends on a brawl to import protective equipment and on the migrant workers who work in care homes and harvest crops.

underlying anarchy
全球治理處于無(wú)政府狀態(tài)正在被暴露
underlying [??nd??la???]
adj. 潛在的；根本的；在下面的；優(yōu)先的

squabble [?skw?bl]? ?=bicker
squabble (with somebody) (about/over something)?
to argue noisily about something that is not very important
v. （為瑣事）發(fā)生口角，大聲爭(zhēng)吵

punitive? /?pju?n?t?v/
?intended as punishment

instance?? /??nst?ns/
a particular example or case of something

?prestige?? /pre?sti??/? = status
the respect and value that somebody/something has because of their social position, or what they have done
Chaos and division? ?混亂和分裂

bully
to frighten or hurt a weaker person; to use your strength or power to make somebody do something
mantle? /?m?ntl/?
n.覆蓋物;?責(zé)任，職責(zé);?披風(fēng);?斗篷;? ?v.覆蓋；遮蓋;
1> the mantle of somebody/something?
(literary)?the role and responsibilities of an important person or job, especially when they are passed on from one person to another
2>? A?mantle?is a piece of clothing without sleeves that people used to wear over their other clothes in former times.
3>? [c]?(literary)?a layer of something that covers a surface

shifting away? ?背道而馳

brawl? 打群架，斗毆
/br??l/??
?a noisy and violent fight involving a group of people, usually in a public place

care homes and harvest crops.? 養(yǎng)老院，農(nóng)業(yè)

5 This is just the start. Although the flow of information is largely free outside China, the movement of people, goods and capital is not. Consider people first. The Trump administration is proposing to curtail immigration further, arguing that jobs should go to Americans instead. Other countries are likely to follow. Travel is restricted, limiting the scope to find work, inspect plants and drum up orders. Some 90% of people live in countries with largely closed borders. Many governments will open up only to countries with similar health protocols: one such “travel bubble” is mooted to include Australia and New Zealand and, perhaps, Taiwan and Singapore (see?article). The industry is signalling that the disruption to travel will be lasting. Airbus has cut production by a third and Emirates, a symbol of globalisation, expects no recovery until 2022.

curtail? /k???te?l/??
to limit something or make it last for a shorter time

arguing 認(rèn)為

inspect plants and?drum up?orders? 視察工廠 招攬訂單

Some 90% of people
some+數(shù)字 大約
some在這里是作為副詞使用，放在數(shù)詞前起修飾作用，表示大約、差不多的意思，意同approximately

protocol?? /?pr??t?k?l/? 協(xié)議
[u]?a system of fixed rules and formal behaviour used at official meetings, usually between governments

moot? 商討
suggest sth for discussion

travel bubble? 開(kāi)放雙向旅游——“旅游氣泡”

?disruption? 中斷——停擺

?Emirates 阿聯(lián)酋航空公司

6 Trade will suffer as countries abandon the idea that firms and goods are treated equally regardless of where they come from. Governments and central banks are asking taxpayers to underwrite national firms through their stimulus packages, creating a huge and ongoing incentive to favour them. And the push to bring supply chains back home in the name of resilience is accelerating. On May 12th Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister, told the nation that a new era of economic self-reliance has begun. Japan’s covid-19 stimulus includes subsidies for firms that repatriate factories; European Union officials talk of “strategic autonomy” and are creating a fund to buy stakes in firms. America is urging Intel to build plants at home. Digital trade is thriving but its scale is still modest. The sales abroad of Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Microsoft are equivalent to just 1.3% of world exports.

underwrite = invent 認(rèn)購(gòu)
If an institution or company?underwrites?an activity or?underwrites?the cost of it, they agree to provide any money that is needed to cover losses or buy special equipment, often for an agreed fee.
VERB(機(jī)構(gòu)或公司)為…保險(xiǎn)，負(fù)擔(dān)…的費(fèi)用，承銷(xiāo)?
(按商定的價(jià)格)認(rèn)購(gòu)(某公司)的全部剩余證券;包銷(xiāo)(證券)

national firms? 國(guó)有企業(yè)

?stimulus packages? 一攬子刺激計(jì)劃
?to favour them.? ?偏袒（promote over anothr)
favor
1>??prefer?
2>? to treat one person, group or organization better than you treat others, especially in an unfair way
3>? to provide suitable conditions for a particular person, group, etc.
4>? to look like one of your parents or older relations

resilience /r??z?li?ns/? = recovery
the ability of people or things to recover quickly after something unpleasant, such as shock, injury, etc.

repatriate? 撤僑；在外國(guó)的本國(guó)資金回撤
/?ri??p?trie?t/
1>? (formal)?to send or bring somebody back to their own country
2> (business)?to send money or profits back to your own country ?

strategic?autonomy? 戰(zhàn)略自治
autonomy? /???t?n?mi/? = independence
the freedom for a country, a region or an organization to govern itself independently

7 The flow of capital is also suffering, as long-term investment sinks. Chinese venture-capital investment in America dropped to $400m in the first quarter of this year, 60% below its level two years ago. Multinational firms may cut their cross-border investment by a third this year. America has just instructed its main federal pension fund to stop buying Chinese shares, and so far this year countries representing 59% of world?gdp?have tightened their rules on foreign investment. As governments try to pay down their new debts by taxing firms and investors, some countries may be tempted to further restrict the flow of capital across borders.

federal pension?fund 聯(lián)邦養(yǎng)老基金

pay down?
to reduce an amount of money that you owe by paying some of it

It’s lonely out there

8 Don’t be fooled that a trading system with an unstable web of national controls will be more humane or safer. Poorer countries will find it harder to catch up and, in the rich world, life will be more expensive and less free. The way to make supply chains more resilient is not to domesticate them, which concentrates risk and forfeits economies of scale, but to diversify them. Moreover, a fractured world will make solving global problems harder, including finding a vaccine and securing an economic recovery.

humane? 人性化

resilient /r??z?li?nt/? 彈性化
1>? able to recover quickly after something unpleasant such as shock, injury, etc.
2>? (of a substance)?returning to its original shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed

domesticate? 本土化

forfeit 喪失
1> to lose something or have something taken away from you because you have done something wrong
2>? ?forfeit something?to lose or give something up as a necessary consequence of something that you have done
v. （因犯罪、失職、違約等）喪失（權(quán)利、名譽(yù)、生命等）

economies of scale? 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)

fractured?? /?fr?kt??d/
1>? broken or?cracked?(= damaged but not completely broken)
2>?(formal) (of a society, an organization, etc.) split into several parts so that it no longer functions or exists

9 Tragically, this logic is no longer fashionable. Those three body-blows have so wounded the open system of trade that the powerful arguments in its favour are being neglected. Wave goodbye to the greatest era of globalisation—and worry about what is going to take its place.■