Summary of Breakthrough #1: Steering
突破#1 總結(jié)：轉(zhuǎn)向
Our ancestors from around 550 million years ago transitioned from a radially symmetric brainless animal, like a coral polyp, to a bilaterally symmetric brain-enabled animal, like a nematode. And while many neurological changes occurred across this transition, a surprisingly broad set of them can be understood through the lens of enabling a singular breakthrough: that of navigating by steering. These include:
大約5.5億年前，我們的祖先從珊瑚蟲等徑向?qū)ΨQ的無腦動物轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫€蟲等雙側(cè)對稱的有腦動物。雖然在這一轉(zhuǎn)變過程中發(fā)生了許多神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變化，但其中令人驚訝的廣泛變化可以透過實(shí)現(xiàn)單一突破的鏡頭來理解：透過轉(zhuǎn)向進(jìn)行導(dǎo)航。這些包括：
A bilateral body plan that reduces navigational choices to two simple options: go forward or turn
雙側(cè)身體規(guī)劃，將導(dǎo)航選擇減少為兩個簡單的選項(xiàng)：前進(jìn)或轉(zhuǎn)向
A neural architecture for valence in which stimuli is evolutionarily hard-coded into good and bad
價的神經(jīng)架構(gòu)，其中刺激被進(jìn)化地硬編碼為好和壞
Mechanisms for modulating valence responses based on internal states
基於內(nèi)部狀態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)價響應(yīng)的機(jī)制
Circuits whereby different valence neurons can be integrated into a singular steering decision (hence a big cluster of neurons we identify as a brain)
不同價神經(jīng)元可以整合成單一轉(zhuǎn)向決策的電路（因此我們將一大群神經(jīng)元稱為大腦）
Affective states for making persistent decisions as to whether to leave or stay
持續(xù)做出離開或留下決定的情緒狀態(tài)
The stress response for energy management of movements in the presence of hardship
困難情況下運(yùn)動能量管理的壓力反應(yīng)
Associative learning for changing steering decisions based on previous experience
根據(jù)先前的經(jīng)驗(yàn)改變轉(zhuǎn)向決策的聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)
Spontaneous recovery and reacquisition for dealing with changing contingencies in the world (making continual learning work, even if imperfectly)
自發(fā)性恢復(fù)和重新掌握，以應(yīng)對世界上不斷變化的突發(fā)事件（使持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)揮作用，即使不完美）
Eligibility traces, overshadowing, latent inhibition, and blocking for (imperfectly) tackling the credit assignment problem
資格追蹤、強(qiáng)因至上、潛在抑制和噪音阻塞（不完美地）解決學(xué)分分配問題
All of these changes made steering possible and solidified our ancestors’ place as the first large multicellular animals who survived by navigating—moving not with microscopic cellular propellers but with muscles and neurons. And all these changes, along with the predatory ecosystem they begot, laid the foundation for breakthrough #2, which was when learning finally took its central role in the function of our brains.
所有這些變化使得轉(zhuǎn)向成為可能，並鞏固了我們祖先作為第一批透過導(dǎo)航生存下來的大型多細(xì)胞動物的地位——導(dǎo)航不是用微觀的細(xì)胞螺旋槳，而是用肌肉和神經(jīng)元移動。所有這些變化，以及它們所產(chǎn)生的掠奪性生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，為第二個突破奠定了基礎(chǔ)，也就是學(xué)習(xí)最終在我們大腦的功能中發(fā)揮了核心作用。
Excerpt From
A Brief History of Intelligence
Max Bennett
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