單細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)習(xí)筆記-10-乳腺癌領(lǐng)域之PAM50分類

劉小澤寫于19.7.8-第二單元第八講:乳腺癌領(lǐng)域之PAM50分類
筆記目的:根據(jù)生信技能樹的單細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄組課程探索smart-seq2技術(shù)相關(guān)的分析技術(shù)
課程鏈接在:http://jm.grazy.cn/index/mulitcourse/detail.html?cid=53

什么是PAM50

首次接觸這個(gè)名詞肯定很蒙,因?yàn)樗侨橄侔╊I(lǐng)域的分類名詞,需要看許多資料才能了解,我也一樣,看了一些推文、英文資料、文章,才做了一些總結(jié)

PAM50的意思是Prediction Analysis of Microarray 50 ,可以看到是芯片時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物了,它是2009年由Parker提出的,原文在:https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.1370,目前接近3000引用量。

使用的芯片是Agilent human 1Av2 microarrays or custom-designed Agilent human 22k arrays,數(shù)據(jù)在GSE10886,它研究了189個(gè)prototype samples,得到了一個(gè)50個(gè)分類基因與5個(gè)對(duì)照基因的RT-qPCR定量結(jié)果,得到4個(gè)gene expression–based “intrinsic” subtypes:Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched and Basal-like(詳見:https://genome.unc.edu/pubsup/breastGEO/pam50_centroids.txt)。

關(guān)于這幾種分子亞型的介紹:https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/molecular-subtypes

  • Luminal A:hormone-receptor positive (estrogen-receptor and/or progesterone-receptor positive), HER2 negative, low levels of the protein Ki-67 => grow slowly and have the best prognosis.

  • Luminal B:hormone-receptor positive (estrogen-receptor and/or progesterone-receptor positive), either HER2 positive or HER2 negative,high levels of Ki-67 => grow slightly faster than luminal A & prognosis is slightly worse

  • Triple-negative/basal-like: hormone-receptor negative (estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor negative) , HER2 negative

    More common with BRCA1 gene mutations among younger and African-American women..

  • HER2-enriched: hormone-receptor negative (estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor negative), HER2 positive => grow faster than luminal cancers & worse prognosis

    BUT often successfully treated with targeted therapies aimed at the HER2 protein (e.g. Herceptin, Perjeta, Tykerb, Nerlynx, Kadcyla)

  • Normal-like: similar to luminal A => prognosis is slightly worse than luminal A but also good

乳腺癌發(fā)育來(lái)自兩種不同的細(xì)胞:基體細(xì)胞和管腔細(xì)胞,還有不同的激素類型(ER/PR、HER2受體),之前在臨床上都是根據(jù)一些IHC marker來(lái)進(jìn)行分類

The most common immunohistochemical breast cancerprognostic and therapeutic markers used include: estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, Ki-67, progesterone receptor, and p53. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127609/)

乳腺癌是一個(gè)高度異質(zhì)性的疾病,即使臨床分期和病理分級(jí)相同,患者對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)和預(yù)后也是不同的。目前仍然是根據(jù)臨床病理特點(diǎn)如HER2表達(dá)、雌激素受體狀態(tài)、腫瘤大小、分級(jí)和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等選擇輔助治療,包括化療,內(nèi)分泌治療,抗HER2治療等。為了指導(dǎo)預(yù)后,常常采用TNM分期、臨床病理指標(biāo),后來(lái)由于高通量數(shù)據(jù)的產(chǎn)生,多基因預(yù)測(cè)成為了一個(gè)新途徑。

舉個(gè)例子:可以看表達(dá)量,比如有50個(gè)基因,有10個(gè)特定基因高它們就表示Luminal A,有其他10個(gè)基因高就是Luminal B,這就是一個(gè)模式;我們只需要比較我們的表達(dá)矩陣和這個(gè)模式進(jìn)行對(duì)應(yīng)

多基因檢測(cè)有兩項(xiàng)已經(jīng)通過(guò)了FDA的批準(zhǔn):

  • 21-gene OncotypeDx assay (Genome Health Inc, Redwood City, CA):risk stratify early-stage estrogen receptor (ER) –positive breast cancer
  • 70-gene MammaPrint (Agendia, Huntington Beach, CA):ER-positive and ER-negative early-stage node-negative breast cancer.

另外前人的研究還有:

  • Single Sample Predictor (SSP) :SSP2003 、SSP2006、PAM50
  • Subtype Classification Model (SCM):SCMOD1、SCMOD2 、simple three-gene model (SCMGENE)

利用genefu包來(lái)熟悉PAM50分類器

這個(gè)是Bioconductor的包,使用正確的方式安裝好
官方教程在:https://rdrr.io/bioc/genefu/f/inst/doc/genefu.pdf

用包需知 1

自帶了5個(gè)乳腺癌芯片數(shù)據(jù)集(breastCancerMAINZ=》GSE11121、breastCancerTRANSBIG=》GSE7390、breastCancerUPP=》GSE3494、breastCancerUNT=》GSE2990、breastCancerNKI=》數(shù)據(jù)集沒(méi)有上傳到GEO):https://vip.biotrainee.com/d/689-5

breastCancerMAINZ=》GSE11121

文章:The humoral immune system has a key prognostic impact in node-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 2008 Jul 1;68(13):5405-13.
Sci-hub: https://sci-hub.tw/10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5206

方法:GPL96(HG-U133A) Affymetrix Human Genome U133A Array芯片,其中包含了200 tumors of patients who were not treated by systemic therapy after surgery using a discovery approach.

臨床信息:biological process of proliferation、steroid hormone receptor expression、B cell and T cell infiltration

breastCancerTRANSBIG=》GSE7390

文章:Strong time dependence of the 76-gene prognostic signature for node-negative breast cancer patients in the TRANSBIG multicenter independent validation series. Clin Cancer Res 2007 Jun 1;13(11):3207-14.
Sci-hub: https://sci-hub.tw/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2765

方法: GPL96 (HG-U133A) Affymetrix Human Genome U133A Array 芯片,frozen samples from 198 N- systemically untreated patients

breastCancerUPP=》GSE3494

文章:An expression signature for p53 status in human breast cancer predicts mutation status, transcriptional effects, and patient survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Sep 20;102(38):13550-5.
Sci-hub:https://sci-hub.tw/10.2307/3376671

方法: GPL96 (HG-U133A) Affymetrix Human Genome U133A Array 芯片,freshly frozen breast tumors from a population-based cohort of 315 women representing 65% of all breast cancers resected in Uppsala County, Sweden, from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 1989.

breastCancerUNT =》GSE2990

文章:Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: understanding the molecular basis of histologic grade to improve prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006 Feb 15;98(4):262-72
Sci-hub:https://sci-hub.tw/10.1093/jnci/djj052

方法: GPL96 (HG-U133A) Affymetrix Human Genome U133A Array 芯片, 189 invasive breast carcinomas and from three published gene expression datasets from breast carcinomas.

最后一個(gè)breastCancerNKI使用的是Agilent公司芯片

用包需知 2

這個(gè)R包除了包裝了PAM50分類,還加入了其他許多分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),詳見https://rdrr.io/bioc/genefu/man/,使用PAM50是因?yàn)樗囊昧亢芨撸J(rèn)可度較高

開始用包

# 加載數(shù)據(jù)
rm(list = ls())  
options(stringsAsFactors = F)
load(file = '../input.Rdata')
a[1:4,1:4]
head(df) 
# 檢查行名(基因名)
> head(rownames(dat))
[1] "0610007P14Rik" "0610009B22Rik" "0610009L18Rik" "0610009O20Rik"
[5] "0610010F05Rik" "0610010K14Rik"

除了很多不像常規(guī)基因名的基因以外,還有很多基因大小寫不一致,這是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是小鼠的,而小鼠的基因名與人類的不同在于:首字母大寫,其余小寫

首先就是將這里的dat基因名全變?yōu)榇髮?/p>

rownames(dat)=toupper(rownames(dat))

當(dāng)然,最好直接使用小鼠的分類器,但是目前沒(méi)有,因此只能使用人類的,不是很準(zhǔn)確,但是這個(gè)分類是可以借鑒的

# 加載genefu
library(genefu)
# 可以看到會(huì)加載很多依賴包,包含機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)、并行、分類法
Loading required package: limma
Loading required package: biomaRt
Loading required package: iC10
Loading required package: pamr
Loading required package: cluster
Loading required package: impute
Loading required package: iC10TrainingData
Loading required package: AIMS
Loading required package: e1071
Loading required package: Biobase
Loading required package: BiocGenerics
Loading required package: parallel

這個(gè)包也需要轉(zhuǎn)置后的表達(dá)矩陣(基因?yàn)榱?

>   ddata=t(dat)
>   ddata[1:4,1:4]
               0610007P14Rik 0610009B22Rik 0610009L18Rik 0610009O20Rik
SS2_15_0048_A3      0.000000             0             0      0.000000
SS2_15_0048_A6      0.000000             0             0      0.000000
SS2_15_0048_A5      6.459884             0             0      2.544699
SS2_15_0048_A4      6.313884             0             0      3.025273
> dim(ddata)
[1]   768 12198

>   s=colnames(ddata);head(s);tail(s) ##獲得基因名
[1] "0610007P14Rik" "0610009B22Rik" "0610009L18Rik" "0610009O20Rik"
[5] "0610010F05Rik" "0610010K14Rik"
[1] "ERCC-00160" "ERCC-00162" "ERCC-00163" "ERCC-00165" "ERCC-00170"
[6] "ERCC-00171"
## 發(fā)現(xiàn)有的基因名是不符合常規(guī)認(rèn)知的,因此需要進(jìn)行基因名轉(zhuǎn)換
# 看下人類這個(gè)基因注釋包中都包含哪些,發(fā)現(xiàn)有org.Hs.egSYMBOL,應(yīng)該就是需要的
ls("package:org.Hs.eg.db")
# 這個(gè)注釋信息是Bimap格式的,需要先轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)據(jù)框,利用toTable函數(shù)
> class(org.Hs.egSYMBOL)
[1] "AnnDbBimap"
> s2g=toTable(org.Hs.egSYMBOL)
# 求小鼠的基因與人類的基因的交集,利用match函數(shù),返回位置信息(如果沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng),就返回NA)。存在NA的原因就是:小鼠有的對(duì)應(yīng)不上人類基因名,并且人類的基因也有未知的
> g=s2g[match(s,s2g$symbol),1]
# 然后做成一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)框
> dannot=data.frame(probe=s,
                    "Gene.Symbol" =s, 
                    "EntrezGene.ID"=g)

# 下面去掉ddata和dannot中NA的行
>   ddata=ddata[,!is.na(dannot$EntrezGene.ID)] #ID轉(zhuǎn)換
>   dim(ddata)
[1]   768 10487 # 相比之前大約去掉2000個(gè)基因
>   dannot=dannot[!is.na(dannot$EntrezGene.ID),]

# 看下去除NA后的基因注釋和表達(dá)矩陣,必須保證注釋的基因ID和表達(dá)矩陣的基因ID一一對(duì)應(yīng)
>   head(dannot)
     probe Gene.Symbol EntrezGene.ID
372 A4GALT      A4GALT         53947
393   AAAS        AAAS          8086
394   AACS        AACS         65985
396  AAGAB       AAGAB         79719
397   AAK1        AAK1         22848
398  AAMDC       AAMDC         28971
>   ddata[1:4,1:4]
                 A4GALT AAAS     AACS AAGAB
SS2_15_0048_A3 8.516383    0 0.000000     0
SS2_15_0048_A6 7.111928    0 0.000000     0
SS2_15_0048_A5 3.415452    0 0.000000     0
SS2_15_0048_A4 6.848774    0 7.168196     0

可以進(jìn)行g(shù)enefu分析了,分型就是使用molecular.subtyping函數(shù)

s<-molecular.subtyping(sbt.model = "pam50",data=ddata,
                         annot=dannot,do.mapping=TRUE)
# 結(jié)果就是將768個(gè)細(xì)胞
>   table(s$subtype)
 Basal   Her2   LumB   LumA Normal 
    42     58     46    543     79 

# 可以利用原始的樣本信息數(shù)據(jù)框df進(jìn)行clust分組與分子分型之間關(guān)系的探索
> df$subtypes=subtypes
> table(df[,c(1,5)])
   subtypes
g   Basal Her2 LumA LumB Normal
  1    36   30  205   13     28
  2     3   25  217   31     24
  3     1    2  102    1     15
  4     2    1   19    1     12

注意:雖然這里可以實(shí)現(xiàn)分類,但是PAM50是針對(duì)乳腺癌患者進(jìn)行分類的,而我們這里是針對(duì)單細(xì)胞;而且細(xì)胞也不是癌細(xì)胞,是CAFs(cancer associated fiberblast)
不管是什么細(xì)胞,最后都能得到一個(gè)表達(dá)矩陣,算法是不會(huì)考慮矩陣來(lái)源的,因此即便是正常細(xì)胞的矩陣,也可以分類成5種乳腺癌亞型,所以分類的前提還是自己熟悉數(shù)據(jù)的生物學(xué)背景

探索PAM50

看一下pam50,它是一個(gè)列表

> str(pam50)
List of 7
 $ method.cor      : chr "spearman"
 $ method.centroids: chr "mean"
 $ std             : chr "none"
 $ rescale.q       : num 0.05
 $ mins            : num 5
 $ centroids       : num [1:50, 1:5] 0.718 0.537 -0.575 -0.119 0.3 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:50] "ACTR3B" "ANLN" "BAG1" "BCL2" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:5] "Basal" "Her2" "LumA" "LumB" ...
 $ centroids.map   :'data.frame':   50 obs. of  3 variables:
  ..$ probe          : chr [1:50] "ACTR3B" "ANLN" "BAG1" "BCL2" ...
  ..$ probe.centroids: chr [1:50] "ACTR3B" "ANLN" "BAG1" "BCL2" ...
  ..$ EntrezGene.ID  : int [1:50] 57180 54443 573 596 332 644 891 898 991 990 ...

然后取出基因名,存儲(chǔ)在centroids中:

pam50genes=pam50$centroids.map[c(1,3)]
# 發(fā)現(xiàn)有的基因已經(jīng)不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的symbol了,PAM50是2009年的基因名,因此需要進(jìn)行修改
pam50genes[pam50genes$probe=='CDCA1',1]='NUF2'
pam50genes[pam50genes$probe=='KNTC2',1]='NDC80'
pam50genes[pam50genes$probe=='ORC6L',1]='ORC6'

以第一個(gè)基因?yàn)槔?a target="_blank">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=NUF2&keywords=NUF2

> x=dat
# 找到pam50在原始表達(dá)矩陣行名中的基因,發(fā)現(xiàn)一共有38個(gè)
> pam50genes$probe[pam50genes$probe %in% rownames(x)]
 [1] "ANLN"    "BAG1"    "BCL2"    "BIRC5"   "BLVRA"   "CCNB1"  
 [7] "CCNE1"   "CDC20"   "CDC6"    "NUF2"    "CDH3"    "CENPF"  
[13] "CEP55"   "CXXC5"   "EGFR"    "ERBB2"   "ESR1"    "FOXC1"  
[19] "KIF2C"   "NDC80"   "MAPT"    "MDM2"    "MELK"    "MIA"    
[25] "MKI67"   "MLPH"    "MMP11"   "MYBL2"   "MYC"     "ORC6"   
[31] "PHGDH"   "PTTG1"   "RRM2"    "SFRP1"   "SLC39A6" "TYMS"   
[37] "UBE2C"   "UBE2T"  
> x=x[pam50genes$probe[pam50genes$probe %in% rownames(x)] ,]

下面進(jìn)行熱圖可視化

# 在原來(lái)group_list基礎(chǔ)上,添加亞型信息,為了下面pheatmap中的anno_col設(shè)置
tmp=data.frame(group=group_list,
               subtypes=subtypes)
rownames(tmp)=colnames(x)
# 畫熱圖
library(pheatmap)
pheatmap(x,show_rownames = T,show_colnames = F,
         annotation_col = tmp)

圖片本身不重要,因?yàn)檫@里數(shù)據(jù)的使用是不合適的。可以看到,大部分基因都是luminal A

如果要繼續(xù)歸一化就是:

x=t(scale(t(x)))
x[x>1.6]=1.6
x[x< -1.6]= -1.6
pheatmap(x,show_rownames = T,show_colnames = F,
         annotation_col = tmp)
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