The history of our world 2
So here's a great puzzle: in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics, how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity I've described, the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center??
PS:所以這里有一個(gè)巨大的謎團(tuán):在一個(gè)由熱力學(xué)第二定律統(tǒng)治的宇宙中,怎么可能產(chǎn)生我所描述的那種復(fù)雜性,你我和會(huì)議中心所代表的那種復(fù)雜性?
puzzle謎;?智力游戲;?不解之謎;?疑問(wèn);?迷惑;?使困惑
universe宇宙;?天地萬(wàn)物;?萬(wàn)象;?經(jīng)驗(yàn)體系
ruled有橫格的,有平行線的;?控制;?統(tǒng)治;?支配;?操縱;?決定;?裁定;?判決;?rule的過(guò)去分詞和過(guò)去式
sort of有幾分;近似;有那么點(diǎn)兒
complexity復(fù)雜性;?難懂;?難題;?難以理解的局勢(shì)
've(=value engineering)價(jià)值工程學(xué);?同“have”
represented代表;?作為…的代言人;?維護(hù)…的利益;?等于;?相當(dāng)于;?意味著;?represent的過(guò)去分詞和過(guò)去式
convention習(xí)俗;?常規(guī);?慣例;?大會(huì),集會(huì);?公約,協(xié)定,協(xié)議
Well, the answer seems to be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty.?
In pockets, there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier, calls "Goldilocks conditions" , not too hot, not too cold, just right for the creation of complexity.?
PS:口袋里,出現(xiàn)了我的同事弗雷德·斯皮爾(Fred Spier)所說(shuō)的“金發(fā)條件”,不太熱,不太冷,正好適合創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜性。
pockets衣袋;?口袋;?兜;?小口袋,小容器;?錢財(cái);?財(cái)力;?資金;?把…放進(jìn)衣袋;?攫取;?揩油;?中飽私囊;?掙;?賺下;?pocket的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
appear顯得;?看來(lái);?似乎;?出現(xiàn);?呈現(xiàn);?顯現(xiàn);?起源;?首次使用
colleague同事;?同僚;?同人
Fred弗蕾德;弗雷德(教名Frederic、Frederick、Frederica的昵稱);?男子名
Spier施皮爾
calls給…命名;?稱呼;?把…叫做;?認(rèn)為…是;?把…看作;?把自己稱為;?自詡;?call的第三人稱單數(shù)
Goldilocks金發(fā)姑娘;?金發(fā)姑娘,金鳳花
just right恰好,正好;?不失毫厘
creation創(chuàng)造;?創(chuàng)建;?作品;?創(chuàng)作;?創(chuàng)造天地
complexity復(fù)雜性;?難懂;?難題;?難以理解的局勢(shì)
And slightly more complex things appear.?
And where you have slightly more complex things, you can get slightly more complex things.?
And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage.?
PS:這樣,復(fù)雜性就逐步建立起來(lái)。
in this way用這個(gè)辦法
complexity復(fù)雜性;?難懂;?難題;?難以理解的局勢(shì)
builds建筑;?建造;?創(chuàng)建;?開(kāi)發(fā);?逐漸增強(qiáng);?build的第三人稱單數(shù)
Each stage is magical because it creates the impression of something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe.?
PS:每一個(gè)階段都是神奇的,因?yàn)樗鼊?chuàng)造了一種全新的印象,幾乎是從宇宙的任何地方出現(xiàn)的。
stage時(shí)期,階段,狀態(tài);?段;?步;?步驟;?舞臺(tái);?上演;?舉辦;?舉行;?組織;?籌劃;?使發(fā)生;?使出現(xiàn)
magical有魔力的;?用于巫術(shù)的;?奇妙的;?令人愉快的
creates創(chuàng)造;?創(chuàng)作;?創(chuàng)建;?造成,引起,產(chǎn)生;?授予;?冊(cè)封;?create的第三人稱單數(shù)
impression印象;?感想;?影響;?效果;?印象畫
something某事;?某物;?想來(lái)重要的事物;?大致,左右;?很,非常
utterly全然;?完全地;?徹底地
appearing顯得;?看來(lái);?似乎;?出現(xiàn);?呈現(xiàn);?顯現(xiàn);?起源;?首次使用;?appear的現(xiàn)在分詞
almost幾乎;?差不多
universe宇宙;?天地萬(wàn)物;?萬(wàn)象;?經(jīng)驗(yàn)體系
We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments.?
PS:我們?cè)诖髿v史中把這些時(shí)刻稱為門檻時(shí)刻。
big大的,巨大的;?年齡較大的;?重大的;?嚴(yán)重的;?大大;?給人印象深地
history歷史;?發(fā)展史,歷史;?歷史課;?歷史學(xué)
these這些,他們;?這些;?一些
moments片刻;?瞬間;?準(zhǔn)確時(shí)刻;?正是時(shí)候;?時(shí)機(jī);?機(jī)遇;?時(shí)光;?做某事的時(shí)刻;?moment的復(fù)數(shù)
threshold門檻;?門口;?閾;?界;?起始點(diǎn);?開(kāi)端;?起點(diǎn);?入門
And at each threshold, the going gets tougher.?
The complex things get more fragile, more vulnerable; the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent, and it's more difficult to create complexity.
PS:復(fù)雜的事物變得更脆弱,更脆弱;金發(fā)姑娘的條件變得更嚴(yán)格,更難創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜。
fragile易碎的;?易損的;?不牢固的;?脆弱的;?纖巧的;?精細(xì)的;?纖巧美麗的
vulnerable脆弱的,易受…傷害的
Goldilocks金發(fā)姑娘;?金發(fā)姑娘,金鳳花
conditions狀態(tài);?狀況;?健康狀況;?疾病;?訓(xùn)練;?使習(xí)慣于;?使適應(yīng);?對(duì)…具有重要影響;?影響;?保持健康;?養(yǎng)護(hù);?condition的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
stringent嚴(yán)格的;?嚴(yán)厲的;?緊縮的;?短缺的;?銀根緊的
create創(chuàng)造;?創(chuàng)作;?創(chuàng)建;?造成,引起,產(chǎn)生;?授予;?冊(cè)封
complexity復(fù)雜性;?難懂;?難題;?難以理解的局勢(shì)
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures, desperately need to know this story of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law, and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility.?
PS:現(xiàn)在,作為極其復(fù)雜的生物,我們迫切需要知道這個(gè)故事,盡管有第二定律,宇宙是如何創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜性的,為什么復(fù)雜性意味著脆弱和脆弱。
complex復(fù)雜的;?難懂的;?費(fèi)解的;?復(fù)合的;?建筑群;?相關(guān)聯(lián)的一組事物;?不正常的精神狀態(tài);?情結(jié)
creatures生物;?動(dòng)物;?人;?creature的復(fù)數(shù)
desperately絕望地;不顧一切地,拼命地;?極度地;猛烈地
need to know需了解;需知道
universe宇宙;?天地萬(wàn)物;?萬(wàn)象;?經(jīng)驗(yàn)體系
creates創(chuàng)造;?創(chuàng)作;?創(chuàng)建;?造成,引起,產(chǎn)生;?授予;?冊(cè)封;?create的第三人稱單數(shù)
complexity復(fù)雜性;?難懂;?難題;?難以理解的局勢(shì)
despite即使;?盡管;?盡管不愿意
vulnerability弱點(diǎn);?脆弱性;?易傷性;?可捕性
fragility脆弱;易碎性;虛弱;脆性
And that's the story that we tell in big history.?
But to do it, you have do something that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible.?
You have to survey the whole history of the universe.?
So let's do it.
Let's begin by winding the timeline back 13.7 billion years, to the beginning of time.
PS:讓我們先把時(shí)間線回溯到137億年,回到時(shí)間的開(kāi)始。
Let允許;?讓;?準(zhǔn)許;?許可;?同意;?擦網(wǎng)球;?出租;?租借
begin by以…開(kāi)始,先
winding曲折的;?彎曲的;?蜿蜒的;?使喘不過(guò)氣來(lái);?使喘大氣;?使噯氣;?蜿蜒;?曲折而行;?迂回;?卷纏;?纏繞;?繞成團(tuán);?給上發(fā)條;?通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)把手等操作;?可上發(fā)條;?可通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)把手操作;?wind的現(xiàn)在分詞;?繞;?纏;?線圈;?彎曲
timeline時(shí)間線,時(shí)線
back背部,背;?腰背;?脊柱;?脊梁骨;?后部;?后面;?末尾;?背后的;?后面的;?后部的;?過(guò)去的;?舊時(shí)的;?到期未付的;?拖欠的;?向后;?在后;?在背面;?與有距離;?控制住;?忍住;?后退,倒退;?幫助;?支持;?下賭注于
billion十億;?數(shù)以十億計(jì);?大量;?一萬(wàn)億
years年;?日歷年;?一年時(shí)間;?與某事相關(guān)的一年;?年度;?year的復(fù)數(shù)
beginning開(kāi)頭;?開(kāi)端;?開(kāi)始部分;?原始思想;?前兆;?初級(jí)階段;?開(kāi)始;?啟動(dòng);?起始;?開(kāi)始存在;?起初是;?本來(lái)是;?begin的現(xiàn)在分詞
time時(shí)間;?時(shí)間,鐘點(diǎn),時(shí)刻;?時(shí),時(shí)間;?為…安排時(shí)間;?選擇…的時(shí)機(jī);?計(jì)時(shí);?測(cè)定…
Around us, there's nothing.?
There's not even time or space.?
Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can? and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are.?
PS:想象一下你能想象到的最黑暗、最空虛的東西,把它變成無(wú)數(shù)次的立方體,這就是我們的所在。
Imagine想象;?設(shè)想;?誤以為;?胡亂猜想;?猜測(cè);?料想;?認(rèn)為
darkest黑暗的;?昏暗的;?陰暗的;?深色的;?暗色的;?近乎黑色的;?dark的最高級(jí)
emptiest空的;?空洞的;?說(shuō)話不算數(shù)的;?無(wú)誠(chéng)意的;?空虛的;?無(wú)意義的;?無(wú)目的的;?empty的最高級(jí)
thing東西;?物;?物件;?物品;?事物;?用品,衣服;?用具
cube立方體;?立方形;?立方形的東西;?立方;?三次冪;?求…的立方;?把切成小方塊
gazillion很大的數(shù)目
times乘以;?倍;?時(shí)間;?時(shí)間,鐘點(diǎn),時(shí)刻;?時(shí),時(shí)間;?為…安排時(shí)間;?選擇…的時(shí)機(jī);?計(jì)時(shí);?測(cè)定…所需的時(shí)間;?在某一時(shí)刻擊球;?time的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
and that而且,并且
where在哪里;?到哪里;?處于哪種情形;?在那,到那;?在那里;?在該處;?在該情況下;?…的地方;?…
And then suddenly, bang! A universe appears, an entire universe. And we've crossed our first threshold.?
The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom. It's incredibly hot.?
It contains everything that's in today's universe, so you can imagine, it's busting.?
PS:它包含了當(dāng)今宇宙中的一切,所以你可以想象,它正在爆炸。
contains包含;?含有;?容納;?控制,克制,抑制;?防止…蔓延;?contain的第三人稱單數(shù)
everything每件事;?所有事物;?一切;?形勢(shì);?情況;?生活;?最重要的東西;?最要緊的事情
today在今天;?在今日;?現(xiàn)在;?當(dāng)今;?當(dāng)代;?今天;?今日
universe宇宙;?天地萬(wàn)物;?萬(wàn)象;?經(jīng)驗(yàn)體系
imagine想象;?設(shè)想;?誤以為;?胡亂猜想;?猜測(cè);?料想;?認(rèn)為
busting打破;?摔碎;?突擊搜查;?降級(jí),降低軍階;?bust的現(xiàn)在分詞
And it's expanding at incredible speed.?
And at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur.?
PS:一開(kāi)始,它只是一個(gè)模糊,但很快不同的東西開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)在那個(gè)模糊。
And和;?與;?同;?又;?而;?加;?加上;?然后;?接著
at first最初;起初;開(kāi)始時(shí)
just正好;?恰好;?正當(dāng)…時(shí);?不少于;?同樣;?公正的;?正義的;?正當(dāng)?shù)??合理的;?正直的人;?公正的人;?合適的;?恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>
blur模糊形狀;?模糊的記憶;?變得模糊不清;?視線模糊;?看不清;?難以區(qū)分
distinct清晰的;?清楚的;?明白的;?明顯的;?截然不同的;?有區(qū)別的;?不同種類的;?確定無(wú)疑的;?確實(shí)的;?確切的
things東西;?物;?物件;?物品;?事物;?用品,衣服;?用具;?thing的復(fù)數(shù)
begin開(kāi)始;?啟動(dòng);?起始;?開(kāi)始存在;?起初是;?本來(lái)是
appear in在出現(xiàn);?表演;?出庭
Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity.?
PS:在第一秒鐘內(nèi),能量本身會(huì)破碎成不同的力,包括電磁力和重力。
second第二;?居第二位的;?另外的;?外加的;?以第二名;?以第二位;?第二,其次;?秒;?片刻;?瞬間;?支持,贊成;?附議;?臨時(shí)調(diào)派;?短期調(diào)任
energy精力;?活力;?干勁;?力量;?能源
itself指施動(dòng)并受其影響的動(dòng)物或事物
shatters破碎,碎裂;?粉碎,破滅;?被粉碎;?被破壞;?使極為驚愕難過(guò);?給予極大打擊;?shatter的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
distinct清晰的;?清楚的;?明白的;?明顯的;?截然不同的;?有區(qū)別的;?不同種類的;?確定無(wú)疑的;?確實(shí)的;?確切的
forces武力;?暴力;?力;?力量;?強(qiáng)大效力;?巨大影響;?強(qiáng)迫,迫使;?用力,強(qiáng)行;?使發(fā)生;?force的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
gravity重力;?地球引力;?嚴(yán)重性;?嚴(yán)肅;?莊嚴(yán)
And energy does something else quite magical: it congeals to form matter, quarks that will create protons and leptons that include electrons.?
PS:而能量做了另一件很神奇的事情:它凝結(jié)成物質(zhì),夸克會(huì)產(chǎn)生質(zhì)子和輕子,包括電子。
energy精力;?活力;?干勁;?力量;?能源
something else另一回事
quite頗;?相當(dāng);?某種程度上;?完全;?十分;?非常;?徹底;?在很大程度上;?很;?的確
magical有魔力的;?用于巫術(shù)的;?奇妙的;?令人愉快的
congeals變稠;?凝結(jié);?congeal的第三人稱單數(shù)
matter課題;?事情;?問(wèn)題;?事態(tài);?當(dāng)前的狀況;?怎么了;?事關(guān)緊要;?要緊;?有重大影響
quarks夸克;?quark的復(fù)數(shù)
protons質(zhì)子;?proton的復(fù)數(shù)
include包括;?包含;?使成為…的一部分
electrons電子;?electron的復(fù)數(shù)
And all of that happens in the first second.
Exercises:
1.What happened to the universe during the first second of the big bang?
New forms of matter were created.
2.What happens as things get more complex in the universe?
They become fragile and vulnerable.
3.Complexity cannot be created unless...
?the conditions are perfect.
4.To cross a threshold means...
to begin a new phase.
Fill in the blanks:
Here's a great puzzle: in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics, how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity I've described, the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center?
Read and repeat? the sentences:
1.We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments.?
2.The Goldilocks conditions get more stringent, and it's more difficult to create complexity.
3.It seems that the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty.
4.Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity.
5.Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are.
Now we move forward 380,000 years.?
That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet.?
And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium.?
ps:現(xiàn)在簡(jiǎn)單的原子出現(xiàn)了氫和氦。
atoms原子;?atom的復(fù)數(shù)
appear顯得;?看來(lái);?似乎;?出現(xiàn);?呈現(xiàn);?顯現(xiàn);?起源;?首次使用
hydrogen氫;?氫氣
helium氦;?氦氣
Now I want to pause for a moment,? 380,000 years after the origins of the universe, because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage.?
We know above all that it was extremely simple.?
It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms, and they have no structure.?
They're really a sort of cosmic mush.?
ps:它們真是一種宇宙垃圾。
really事實(shí)上,真正地,真實(shí)地;?確實(shí),的確;?加強(qiáng)形容詞或副詞的語(yǔ)氣
a sort of一種;?可以說(shuō)是…的東西
cosmic宇宙的;?巨大且重要的
mush軟稠的一攤;?糊狀物;?玉米粥;?帶狗撬在雪上前進(jìn)粉碎
But that's not completely true.?
Recent studies by satellites such as the WMAP satellite have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background.?
ps:最近由WMAP衛(wèi)星等衛(wèi)星進(jìn)行的研究表明,事實(shí)上,在這種背景下存在著微小的差異。
satellites人造衛(wèi)星;?衛(wèi)星;?衛(wèi)星城;?衛(wèi)星國(guó);?外圍組織;?satellite的復(fù)數(shù)
such as例如;?像;?象…這樣;?諸如…之類
satellite人造衛(wèi)星;?衛(wèi)星;?衛(wèi)星城;?衛(wèi)星國(guó);?外圍組織
shown表明;?證明;?給…看;?出示;?展示;?教,解說(shuō);?演示;?show的過(guò)去分詞
in fact事實(shí)上,其實(shí);?準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō);確切地說(shuō)
there are有;?可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式;?許多重要事情要談
tiny極小的;?微小的;?微量的
differences差別;?差異;?不同;?變化;?差;?差額;?意見(jiàn)分歧;?不和;?difference的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
in that因?yàn)?原因是
What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas.?
ps:你在這里看到的藍(lán)色區(qū)域比紅色區(qū)域要冷一千分之一度。
What什么;?…的事物;?無(wú)論什么;?凡是…的事物;?多么;?真;?太
you see你瞧,要知道,你是知道的
here在這里,向這里;?現(xiàn)在;?在這一點(diǎn)上;?給某人東西或指出某物時(shí)說(shuō);?喂,嘿;?主動(dòng)提議時(shí)說(shuō)
blue藍(lán)色的;?天藍(lán)色的;?蔚藍(lán)色的;?發(fā)青的,青紫的;?憂郁的;?悲傷的;?藍(lán)色;?天藍(lán)色;?蔚藍(lán)色;?藍(lán)色榮譽(yù)者;?藍(lán)色榮譽(yù)的頭銜;?錯(cuò)誤;?失誤
areas地區(qū),地域;?地方,場(chǎng)地,區(qū);?區(qū),部位;?area的復(fù)數(shù)
thousandth第一千;?千分之一
degree度,度數(shù);?度數(shù);?程度
cooler冷卻器;?冷藏器;?清涼飲料;?涼的;?涼爽的;?涼快的;?使人感到?jīng)鏊??冷色的;?冷靜的;?鎮(zhèn)靜的;?平靜的;?cool的比較級(jí)
than比;?多于,小于,少于;?就
red紅的;?紅色的;?充血的;?布滿血絲的;?紅腫的;?漲紅的;?通紅的;?紅色;?紅葡萄酒;?左翼
These are tiny differences, but it was enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity. And this is how it works.?
Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff.?
ps:重力在有更多東西的地方更強(qiáng)大。
Gravity重力;?地球引力;?嚴(yán)重性;?嚴(yán)肅;?莊嚴(yán)
more powerful有權(quán)勢(shì)的;?有影響力的;?強(qiáng)有力的;?力量大的;?很有效的;?有強(qiáng)烈作用的,效力大的;?powerful的比較級(jí)
where在哪里;?到哪里;?處于哪種情形;?在那,到那;?在那里;?在該處;?在該情況下;?…的地方;?…情況下;?地方;?場(chǎng)所哪里
more更多的,更大的;?更;?更強(qiáng),更多;?many的比較級(jí);?much的比較級(jí)
stuff東西,物品,玩意兒;?活兒,話,念頭,東西;?基本特征;?特質(zhì);?根本;?基礎(chǔ);?原
So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.?
ps:所以當(dāng)你得到稍微密集的區(qū)域,重力開(kāi)始?jí)嚎s氫和氦原子云。
slightly略微;?稍微;?身材瘦小的
denser密集的;?稠密的;?濃密的;?濃重的;?愚笨的;?遲鈍的;?笨拙的;?dense的比較級(jí)
gravity重力;?地球引力;?嚴(yán)重性;?嚴(yán)肅;?莊嚴(yán)
starts開(kāi)始,著手,動(dòng)手;?發(fā)生,開(kāi)始進(jìn)行;?開(kāi)動(dòng);?發(fā)動(dòng);?啟動(dòng);?start的第三人稱單數(shù)
compacting把…緊壓在一起;?compact的現(xiàn)在分詞
clouds云;?云朵;?云狀物;?陰影;?憂郁;?焦慮;?令人憂慮的事;?使難以理解;?使記不清楚;?使模糊;?顯得陰沉;?看起來(lái)憂愁;?混淆,攪混;?cloud的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
hydrogen氫;?氫氣
helium氦;?氦氣
atoms原子;?atom的復(fù)數(shù)
So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds.?
And each cloud is compacted, gravity gets more powerful as density increases, the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud, and then, at the center, the temperature crosses the threshold temperature of 10 million degrees, protons start to fuse, there's a huge release of energy, and -- bam! We have our first stars.?
ps:每一個(gè)云都是致密的,隨著密度的增加,重力變得更加強(qiáng)大,每一個(gè)云中心的溫度開(kāi)始上升,然后,在中心,溫度超過(guò)1000萬(wàn)度的臨界溫度,質(zhì)子開(kāi)始融合,能量大量釋放,然后——砰!我們有我們的第一顆星。
compacted把…緊壓在一起;?compact的過(guò)去分詞和過(guò)去式
gravity重力;?地球引力;?嚴(yán)重性;?嚴(yán)肅;?莊嚴(yán)
more powerful有權(quán)勢(shì)的;?有影響力的;?強(qiáng)有力的;?力量大的;?很有效的;?有強(qiáng)烈作用的,效力大的;?powerful的比較級(jí)
and then然后
crosses叉字形記號(hào);?十字形記號(hào);?十字架;?穿越;?越過(guò);?橫過(guò);?渡過(guò);?交叉;?相交;?使交叉;?使交疊;?cross的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
protons質(zhì)子;?proton的復(fù)數(shù)
start to開(kāi)始
fuse保險(xiǎn)絲;?熔斷器;?導(dǎo)火線;?導(dǎo)火索;?引信;?信管;?雷管;?融合,熔接,結(jié)合;?熔化;?停止工作
bam嘭,砰,乓;?驀地
From about 200 million years after the Big Bang, stars begin to appear all through the universe, billions of them.?
And the universe is now significantly more interesting and more complex.
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds.?
ps:星星將創(chuàng)造條件越過(guò)兩個(gè)新的門檻。
Stars【電影】星光傳奇;?恒星;?星
create創(chuàng)造;?創(chuàng)作;?創(chuàng)建;?造成,引起,產(chǎn)生;?授予;?冊(cè)封
Goldilocks金發(fā)姑娘;?金發(fā)姑娘,金鳳花
conditions狀態(tài);?狀況;?健康狀況;?疾病;?訓(xùn)練;?使習(xí)慣于;?使適應(yīng);?對(duì)…具有重要影響;?影響;?保持健康;?養(yǎng)護(hù);?condition的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
crossing安全通行處;?人行橫道;?渡口;?過(guò)境處;?交叉點(diǎn);?十字路口;?交叉道口;?橫渡;?穿越;?越過(guò);?橫過(guò);?渡過(guò);?交叉;?相交;?使交叉;?使交疊;?cross的現(xiàn)在分詞
thresholds門檻;?門口;?閾;?界;?起始點(diǎn);?開(kāi)端;?起點(diǎn);?入門;?threshold的復(fù)數(shù)
When very large stars die, they create temperatures so high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table.?
ps:當(dāng)非常大的恒星死亡時(shí),它們產(chǎn)生的溫度非常高,以至于質(zhì)子開(kāi)始以各種奇異的組合方式融合,形成周期表的所有元素。
temperatures溫度;?氣溫;?體溫;?temperature的復(fù)數(shù)
so high那樣興奮
protons質(zhì)子;?proton的復(fù)數(shù)
fuse保險(xiǎn)絲;?熔斷器;?導(dǎo)火線;?導(dǎo)火索;?引信;?信管;?雷管;?融合,熔接,結(jié)合;?熔化;?停止工作
in all非常;?總計(jì)
sorts種類;?類別;?品種;?某一種人;?分類;?排序;?整理;?把…分類;?妥善處理;?安排妥當(dāng);?sort的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
exotic來(lái)自異國(guó)的;?奇異的;?異國(guó)情調(diào)的;?異國(guó)風(fēng)味的
combinations結(jié)合體;?聯(lián)合體;?混合體;?結(jié)合;?聯(lián)合;?混合;?數(shù)碼組合,字碼組合;?combination的復(fù)數(shù)
periodic table元素周期表
If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring, it was forged in a supernova explosion.?
ps:如果你和我一樣戴著金戒指,那是在超新星爆炸中鍛造的。
like相似;?類似;?像;?…怎么樣;?符合…的特點(diǎn),像…才會(huì);?喜歡;?喜愛(ài);?喜歡做;?想;?要;?希望;?像…一樣;?如同;?好像;?仿佛;?似乎;?喜好;?愛(ài)好;?類似的人;?種類,類型;?類似的;?相似的;?大概,可能;?我說(shuō),他說(shuō),她說(shuō);?(非正式口語(yǔ),代替as)和…一樣,如,像
wearing令人精疲力竭的;?使人疲倦的;?令人厭煩的;?穿;?戴;?佩戴;?蓄,留;?流露,面帶,呈現(xiàn);?wear的現(xiàn)在分詞
gold金;?金幣;?金飾品;?黃金制品;?金色;?金黃色;?金色的
ring戒指;?指環(huán);?環(huán)狀物;?圈形的東西;?圓形標(biāo)記;?圓形;?包圍;?環(huán)繞;?給…戴上金屬環(huán);?繞…畫圓;?把…圈起來(lái);?給…打電話;?發(fā)出鈴聲;?發(fā)出鐘聲,響起鈴聲;?鈴聲;?鐘聲;?搖鈴;?敲鐘;?清晰的響聲;?特性
forged艱苦干成;?努力加強(qiáng);?偽造;?假冒;?鍛造;?制作;?forge的過(guò)去分詞和過(guò)去式
supernova超新星
explosion爆炸,爆破,爆裂;?突增;?猛增;?激增;?突然爆發(fā),迸發(fā)
So now the universe is chemically more complex.?
And in a chemically more complex universe, it's possible to make more things.?
And what starts happening is that, around young suns,young stars, all these elements combine, they swirl around, the energy of the star stirs them around, they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes, they form rocks, they form asteroids, and eventually, they form planets and moons.?
ps:開(kāi)始發(fā)生的是,圍繞著年輕的太陽(yáng),年輕的恒星,所有這些元素結(jié)合在一起,它們旋轉(zhuǎn),恒星的能量攪動(dòng)它們,它們形成粒子,它們形成雪花,它們形成小塵埃,它們形成巖石,它們形成小行星,最后,它們形成行星和衛(wèi)星。
suns太陽(yáng);?日;?太陽(yáng)的光和熱;?陽(yáng)光;?日光;?恒星;?曬太陽(yáng);?sun的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
swirl打旋,旋動(dòng),起旋渦;?打旋;?旋動(dòng);?旋渦;?螺旋形;?旋渦狀
stirs攪動(dòng);?攪和;?攪拌;?微動(dòng);?行動(dòng),活動(dòng);?stir的第三人稱單數(shù)
particles顆粒;?微粒;?粒子;?小品詞;?particle的復(fù)數(shù)
snowflakes雪花;?雪片;?snowflake的復(fù)數(shù)
motes塵埃;?微粒;?mote的復(fù)數(shù)
asteroids小行星;?asteroid的復(fù)數(shù)
planets行星;?地球;?planet的復(fù)數(shù)
moons月球;?月亮;?月相;?衛(wèi)星;?以屁股示人;?moon的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
And that is how our solar system was formed, four and a half billion years ago.?
Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.?
ps:像地球這樣的巖石行星比恒星要復(fù)雜得多,因?yàn)樗鼈儼奈镔|(zhì)種類要多得多。
Rocky巖石的;?多巖石的;?困難的;?難以維持的;?不穩(wěn)定的
planets行星;?地球;?planet的復(fù)數(shù)
Earth世界;?地球;?陸地;?地面;?大地;?土;?泥;?泥土;?把接地
significantly有重大意義地;?顯著地;?明顯地;?有某種意義;?別有含義地;?意味深長(zhǎng)地
more complex復(fù)雜的;?難懂的;?費(fèi)解的;?復(fù)合的;?complex的比較級(jí)
stars恒星;?星;?星狀物;?星形飾物;?星號(hào);?星級(jí);?主演;?擔(dān)任主角;?使主演;?由…擔(dān)任主角;?標(biāo)星號(hào);?star的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
contain包含;?含有;?容納;?控制,克制,抑制;?防止…蔓延
greatergreat 的比較級(jí);?大的
diversity差異;?不同;?多樣性;?多樣化
materials布料;?材料;?原料;?material的復(fù)數(shù)
So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
Exercises:
1.How was gravity related to?density??
They have a positive correlation.
2.To swirl means to...
move in a circular motion.
3.what originally allow the universe? to achieve new levels of complexity?
tiny temperature differences in different areas.
Fill in the blanks:
Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff. So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.
When very large stars die, they create temperatures so high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table.?
Read and repeat the sentences:
1.And in a chemically more complex universe, it's possible to make more things.?
2.the total complextity of the universe is growing because it contains more diverse materials.
3.The energy released by dying Stars allows new elements to emerge.
4.What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas.
5.Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.