Social Background of the Mohist School?
墨家學(xué)派的社會(huì)背景
During the feudal age of the Chou dynasty, kings, princes, and feudal lords all had their military specialists.?
在周朝封建時(shí)代，天子，諸侯及封建領(lǐng)主都有自己的軍事專家。
These were the hereditary warriors who constituted the backbone of the armies of that time.?
在當(dāng)時(shí)，這些軍事專家是世襲的武士，他們是軍隊(duì)的骨干。
With the disintegration of feudalism that took place in the latter part of the Chou dynasty, however, these warrior specialists lost their positions and titles, scattered throughout the country, and made a living by offering their services to anyone who could afford to employ them.?
但周朝后期封建制度解體，這些武士專家失去了爵位，流散到各地，為了生計(jì)，誰(shuí)雇用他們他們就為誰(shuí)服務(wù)。
This class of people was known as the hsieh or yu hsieh, terms which can both be translated as knights-errant.?
這些人被稱為“游俠”。
Concerning such knights errant, the Shih Chi says: "Their words were always sincere and trustworthy, and their actions always quick and decisive. They were always true to what they promised, and without regard to their own persons, they would rush into dangers threatening others. "(Ch. 124) Such was their professional ethics. A large part of Mo Tzu's teaching was an extension of this ethics.?
關(guān)于游俠，《史記》記載：“其言必信，其行必果。已諾必成，不愛(ài)其軀，赴士之厄困?！边@是他們的職業(yè)道德。大部分的墨家學(xué)說(shuō)就是其職業(yè)道德的擴(kuò)展。
In Chinese history both the ju or literati and the hsieh or knights-errant originated as specialists attached to the houses of the aristocrats, and were themselves members of the upper classes.?
在中國(guó)歷史上，儒和俠都源自依附于貴族的專家，他們本身都屬于上層階級(jí)。
In later times the ju continued to come mainly from the upper or middle classes, but the hsieh, on the contrary, more frequently were recruited from the lower classes.?
之后，儒家大部分仍然來(lái)自中上階層，但俠則更多的出身于社會(huì)底層。
In ancient times, such social amenities as rituals and music were all exclusively for the aristocrats; from the point of view of the common man, therefore, they were luxuries that had no practical utility.?
在古代，社會(huì)活動(dòng)比如禮儀、音樂(lè)等由貴族獨(dú)享，對(duì)普通人來(lái)說(shuō)這是奢侈的，沒(méi)有實(shí)用價(jià)值。
It was from this point of view that Mu Tzu and the Mohists criticised the traditional institutions and their rationalizers, Confucius and the Confucianists.?
墨子和墨家正是從這點(diǎn)來(lái)批判傳統(tǒng)制度及其辯護(hù)者孔子及儒家。
This criticism, together with the elaboration and rationalization of the professional ethics of their own social class, that of the hsieh, constituted the central core of the Mohist philosophy.?
這種批判和對(duì)本階級(jí)（游俠）的職業(yè)道德的闡述和合理化解釋構(gòu)成了墨家哲學(xué)的核心。
There is plenty of evidence for the inference that Mo Tzu and his followers came from the hsieh.?
可以從很多證據(jù)推斷出墨子及其門徒出身于俠。
From the Mo-tzu, as well as from other contemporary sources, we know that the Mohists constituted a strictly disciplined organization capable of military action.?
從《墨子》及同時(shí)代的其他資料看出，墨家組織紀(jì)律嚴(yán)明，能夠進(jìn)行軍事活動(dòng)。
The leader of the Mohist organization was called the Chil Tzu, "Great Master," and had the authority of life or death over the members of the group.?
墨家組織的首領(lǐng)成為“鉅子”，對(duì)組織內(nèi)成員具有生殺大權(quán)。
We are also told that Mo Tzu was the first "Great Master" of his group, and that at least once he actually led his followers to prepare for the military defense of Sung, when that state was threatened with invasion from the neighboring state of Chu.?
墨子是墨家學(xué)派的第一位“鉅子”，他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)門進(jìn)行軍事行動(dòng)至少一次，即當(dāng)宋國(guó)面臨來(lái)自鄰國(guó)楚國(guó)的侵入威脅時(shí)，墨子領(lǐng)導(dǎo)門徒為宋國(guó)準(zhǔn)備防御工事。
The story of this episode is interesting.?
這個(gè)故事挺有意思的。
It is said in the Mo-tzu that a noted mechanical inventor, Kung-shu Pan, then employed by the state of Chu, had completed the construction of a new weapon for attacking city walls. Ch'u was preparing to attack Sung with this new weapon.?
《墨子》記載，一位著名的機(jī)械發(fā)明家公輸班，受雇于楚國(guó)，造成了一種新型的攻城機(jī)械。楚國(guó)計(jì)劃用這種新的機(jī)械攻打宋國(guó)。
Hearing of this, Mo Tzu went to Ch'u to persuade its king to desist.?
聽到這些后，墨子去楚國(guó)勸說(shuō)楚王停止攻城計(jì)劃。
There he and Kung-shu Pan made a demonstration before the king of their weapons of attack and defense.?
在楚國(guó)，墨子和公輸班在楚王面前就他們的進(jìn)攻和防御的武器進(jìn)行了演習(xí)。
Mo Tzu first untied his belt and laid out a city with it, using a small stick as a weapon.?
墨子首先解下腰帶，并用腰帶圍成一座城，然后用一根小木棍做武器。
Kung-shu Pan thereupon set up nine different miniature machines of attack, but Mo Tzu nine times repulsed him.?
公輸班隨即用九種不同的小型機(jī)械發(fā)起進(jìn)攻，但墨子九次均阻止了公輸班的進(jìn)攻。
Finally, Kung-shu Pan had used up all his machines of attack, while Mo Tzu was far from being exhausted in the defense.?
最終，公輸班用完了他所有的進(jìn)攻武器，但墨子的防御手段還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)用完。
Then Kung-shu Pan said: "l know how to defeat you, but I will not say it."?
公輸班說(shuō)：“我知道怎么打敗你，但我不會(huì)說(shuō)的?！?/p>
To which Mo Tzu replied: "I know what it is, but I too will not say it."?
對(duì)此，墨子回答：“我知道是什么辦法，但我也不會(huì)說(shuō)的?！?/p>
On being asked by the king what was meant, Mo Tzu continued: "Kung-shu Pan is thinking of murdering me. But my disciples Ch'in Ku-li and others, numbering three hundred men, are already armed with my implements of defense, waiting on the city wall of Sung for the invaders from Ch' u. Though I be murdered, you cannot exterminate them."
當(dāng)國(guó)王問(wèn)是什么方法時(shí)，墨子說(shuō)：“公輸班想謀殺我。但是我的弟子禽滑厘等三百人早已手持我的防御機(jī)械，在宋國(guó)的城墻上等著楚國(guó)的進(jìn)攻。即使我被謀殺了，你們也不能消滅他們?！?/p>
To which the King exclaimed: "Very well! Let us not attack Sung." (Ch. 50.)?
聽了這番話，楚王嚷起來(lái)：“好好好！那我們就不攻打宋國(guó)吧?！?/p>
If this story is true, it would give a good example for our present world in settling disputes between two countries.?
如果這個(gè)故事是真的，將為當(dāng)今世界解決兩國(guó)爭(zhēng)端樹立了很好的榜樣。
A war would not need to be fought in the field.?
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)沒(méi)必要在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行。
All that would be necessary would be for the scientists and engineers of the two countries to demonstrate their laboratory weapons of attacking and defense, and the war would be decided without fighting！
只要兩國(guó)的科學(xué)家和工程師把實(shí)驗(yàn)室中的武器拿出來(lái)較量一番，不用發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)即可定勝負(fù)。
Regardless of whether the story is true or not, it illustrates the nature of the Mohist organization, which is also confirmed from other sources.?
不管這件事是不是真的，都說(shuō)明了墨家組織的本質(zhì)，其他資料也有介紹墨家這一本質(zhì)。
Thus in the Huai-nun-tzu, a work of the second century B.C., it is stated that the disciples of Mo Tzu were one hundred and eighty in number, all of whom he could order to enter fire or tread on sword blades, and whom even death would not cause to turn on their heels. (Ch. 20.)?
《淮南子·秦祖訓(xùn)》記載：“墨子服役者百八十人。皆可使赴火蹈刃，死不旋踵?！?/p>
And in the Mo-tzu itself, no less than nine chapters deal with the tactics of fighting a defensive war and the techniques of building instruments for defending city walls.?
《墨子》不少于九篇文章都在講防御戰(zhàn)術(shù)和守城器械。
All of this shows that the Mohists, as originally constituted, were a group of warriors.?
所有這些都表明當(dāng)初組成墨家的是一群武士。
Mo Tzu and his followers, however, differed from the ordinary knights-errant in two respects.?
但是，墨子及其門徒與普通游俠有兩點(diǎn)不同。
In the first place, the latter were men ready to engage in any fighting whatever, only provided that they were paid for their efforts or favored by the feudal lords.?
第一，普通的游俠只要得到報(bào)酬或者受到封建領(lǐng)主的恩惠，不論什么仗都打。
Mo Tzu and his followers, on the contrary, were strongly opposed to aggressive war; hence they agreed to fight only in wars that were strictly for self-defense.?
墨子及其門徒則不然，他們極力反對(duì)侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，因此他們只參加自衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)。
Secondly, the ordinary hsieh confined themselves wholly to their code of professional ethics.?
第二，普通游俠僅限于信守職業(yè)道德的條規(guī)。
Mo Tzu, however, elaborated this professional ethics and gave it a rationalistic justification.?
而墨子則詳細(xì)闡述其職業(yè)道德并論證其合理性。
Thus though Mo Tzu's background was that of a hsieh, he at the same time became the founder of a new philosophic school.
因此，雖然墨子源于游俠，但同時(shí)也是新的哲學(xué)學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人。
