美國著名的政治、文化在線雜志 Slate 時隔16年又重建了付費(fèi)墻。1998年的時候,Slate花一年時間,擁有了20000名用戶;現(xiàn)在,Slate 花一年時間擁有了9000名用戶。用戶月費(fèi)5美元或者年費(fèi)50美元。今天 Slate 的付費(fèi)墻其實(shí)是新增的 Slate Plus 服務(wù),原來的 Slate 仍然是全免費(fèi)的。兩者之間究竟有哪些差別?當(dāng)年Slate建付費(fèi)墻時,我恰好寫過一個評論《不忠的網(wǎng)上讀者》,可以提供一些有意思的背景。滄海桑田,物是人非。Slate 還是那樣那本 Slate,還在為生存而辛苦地搏擊。

不忠的網(wǎng)上讀者?
解決方案:忠于自己
忠誠是一種十分難得的美德。在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上,忠誠更加寶貴。作為女人,奧爾布賴特顯然算不上女神,但是,作為網(wǎng)上忠誠的讀者,她給我留下了印象。
忠誠與不忠
1998年3月,微軟旗下的著名網(wǎng)上雜志 SLATE(目前該雜志為前華盛頓郵報(bào)公司改名而來的格雷厄姆控股所有) 由免費(fèi)開始收費(fèi),這份每日更新的高品位網(wǎng)上周刊全年訂價19.95美元,不那么貴,但訂戶數(shù)還是從20萬直線下降。在留下來的不足兩萬的忠誠的讀者中有奧某(時任克林頓的國務(wù)卿)。她給邁克爾·金斯利寫了一封電子郵件,說她一直追隨著金斯利及他的卓見。
被奧卿這樣的女性追隨,對于風(fēng)度翩翩的金斯利來說,說不上什么樂事;但有這樣一位高層次的讀者捧場,金斯利似乎有些頭暈了。他在一篇隨筆中引述了奧卿的郵件。
因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)上的讀者,都太無情與絕情了,相比之下,奧卿是引人注目的另類。
這個插曲,提示我們兩點(diǎn)。
一個站點(diǎn),只要有個性、有品位、有追求,是可以擁有忠誠的讀者的,例子就在這里。
第二點(diǎn)是,網(wǎng)上的絕大部分讀者雖然對于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)具有足夠的忠誠,但對于某個站點(diǎn)是缺乏忠誠的。逃離SLATE的那90%就是。比如我。我很喜歡SLATE雜志。相當(dāng)長的一段時間內(nèi),我每天看SLATE請的一位名記捉刀編寫的五大報(bào)頭條綜述電子郵件版 Today ’ s Papers ,每周看其500余K的WORD格式郵件版本。但是當(dāng)他開始收費(fèi)之后,我就不看這本雜志了。然后,當(dāng)他再次免費(fèi)之時,我仍然不看。在這過程中,我找到了太多太多好看的東西,養(yǎng)成了無法更改的閱讀習(xí)慣。雖然有時去SLATE ,仍然感到親切,但很少再向他貢獻(xiàn) Pageview 了。
幾乎可以肯定地講,網(wǎng)上讀者是不忠誠的。
這顯然不是假設(shè),有一個調(diào)研的結(jié)果很說明問題。
美國伊利諾大學(xué)1998年5月發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)對典型的新聞網(wǎng)站的研究指出:訪問者僅有極少數(shù)???絕大多數(shù)訪問者都是"過路"而已,因?yàn)闆]有足夠多的獨(dú)家材料吸引網(wǎng)民回頭。
這項(xiàng)研究由Newslink ( 美國新聞學(xué)評論,美國一個相當(dāng)著名的學(xué)術(shù)站點(diǎn) )與伊利諾大學(xué)合作開發(fā),由該大學(xué)著名新媒體評論家艾雷克·梅耶負(fù)責(zé)。梅耶與他的研究人員仔細(xì)觀察一個美國的小型周報(bào)網(wǎng)站,追蹤每一個訪客以確定其多久來訪一次,每次看哪些內(nèi)容。
經(jīng)過四星期的追蹤,結(jié)果很不理想。利用Cookie技術(shù)及訪客簽名方式統(tǒng)計(jì),有92%的訪問者屬于過路客,僅有2%的人多次來訪。梅耶說,這2%的"???都有基本固定的訪問模式。他們大多知道網(wǎng)站什么時候更新, 而且在更新不久即造訪,并且每周所查詢的多是相同的事物。
另外,根據(jù)一家大型互聯(lián)網(wǎng)市場研究公司Engage Technologies的調(diào)查,對于一個網(wǎng)站而言,大約有80%的瀏覽者訪問一次之后就不會再次光顧,而且他們35%的上網(wǎng)時間只是花在大約50個網(wǎng)站上,只有少數(shù)網(wǎng)站對網(wǎng)民的吸引力在不斷增加。
為什么不忠
事實(shí)上,這符合網(wǎng)絡(luò)這一特殊的中介體的特性。當(dāng)你有500個頻道可供選擇時,你怎么能夠讓一個人忠實(shí)地守著你的那一個頻道?當(dāng)他不斷地來回?fù)Q臺時,你有什么可抱怨的?
而在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上,可供選擇的頻道,不是500個,是500萬。
網(wǎng)站建設(shè)者,必須以這一個清醒的認(rèn)知為前提,來提出自己的方案與規(guī)劃。這么說的原因是,好象許多網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)師、網(wǎng)絡(luò)創(chuàng)意大師們在行文之間,將這個背景完全置諸腦后了。
我愿意共享一些我的個人經(jīng)驗(yàn)。作為一個24小時中,有7、8個小時在網(wǎng)上的讀者,我也是不那么忠實(shí)的。
每天8點(diǎn)鐘準(zhǔn)時上班,我首先看郵件。郵件中某一條信息及其鏈接可能就把我?guī)У搅颂煅暮=恰H缓?,我花十分鐘左右的時間,看一下網(wǎng)站的日志文件。接著,我就去Chinabyte ,這是我每天都去的站點(diǎn)。他每天更新一次,因此,一天之內(nèi),我只去一次。按照“看報(bào)看題,看書看皮”的模式,我迅速地看完頭條與頭條區(qū)域的重要獨(dú)家稿件,看專欄天地的獨(dú)家專欄稿,看“網(wǎng)羅”匯編的一組簡要信息。之所以首先看Chinabyte ,原因是這里有不少獨(dú)家的東西。有時,一些稿子不能一目十行,需要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí),我就Copy & Paster , 將稿子以WORD格式存檔,稍后再讀。
接著,我讀CPCW,讀新浪新聞中心首頁,讀科技新聞頻道,讀搜狐科技,讀ENET,讀網(wǎng)易,讀e 經(jīng)。等等。(我也常去各傳統(tǒng)媒體網(wǎng)站,但不是去讀新聞,而是去看朋友。因?yàn)椋麄兊闹匾侣?,在新浪、搜狐、網(wǎng)易,基本上都已經(jīng)碰到。)
這樣在信息陣雨中淋上一個小時,就該干活、開會或做其他差事了。
我進(jìn)行了一番自我反省??傮w而言,我的網(wǎng)上訪問模式,是忠實(shí)的嗎?從某種角度講,我是一個忠實(shí)的讀者。上述的那些站點(diǎn),我每天都會去一趟;但是,我顯然不那么愚忠,我只在那個站點(diǎn)呆上一小會兒,如果沒有我要的東西,就點(diǎn)一下鼠標(biāo)走人。
網(wǎng)上瀏覽與我們陪夫人逛商場的概念是完全不一樣的。夫人們逛商場,是地毯式轟炸,是掃描,走完一層又一層。事實(shí)上,商場你也只能這么逛,否則,你就不是逛商場了。
進(jìn)入某一個商場,你要離開,是不那么容易的。門的確有好多,但幾乎所有的門都在一樓。當(dāng)你在商場的五樓,想離開時,你不得不乘著自動扶梯經(jīng)過四樓、三樓、二樓,然后,再在一樓找到某一個出口。這么不厭其煩的描述,因?yàn)?,我們正是這么不厭其煩地做的。
如果你是奔特定目標(biāo)去的,那么,你從一個商場某個柜臺,直奔另一商場的同類柜臺,再往下一站,可是很辛苦的事情。那已經(jīng)沒有什么樂趣可言了。
但是,在網(wǎng)上逛卻根本不是這么一回事。網(wǎng)上瀏覽者決不會一層一層地逛你的商場,無論你的商場多么美輪美奐,除非他是第一次來你的商場(網(wǎng)站)。他會很快離開。網(wǎng)上到處都是門。他可以直接從28樓進(jìn)來,在餐廳飽餐一頓后,又從28樓離去。他瀏覽器中的書簽,幾乎就是一條飛毯,可以載著他去任何他想去的地方。
當(dāng)然,最理想的模式是他(讀者)在一樓大堂(首頁)簽到,坐電梯去16樓拜會一個朋友,然后攜朋友上28樓中餐廳就餐,接著再到27樓西餐廳喝杯咖啡,稍后,又去4樓舞廳轉(zhuǎn)幾圈,去卡拉OK廳吼幾聲,吼夠了,去隔壁的保齡球房一顯身手。最后,在其中的某一個客房下榻。第二天,重復(fù)一次這一過程。
事實(shí)上,這不過是逗樂。你憑什么讓你的讀者在你的領(lǐng)地做完這一切?
我有一個主意:在這個網(wǎng)上平臺中,搬進(jìn)巴黎利茲廣場、拉斯維加斯賭城、阿姆斯特丹水街、迪斯尼樂園、尼斯海灘以及加州好萊塢與硅谷車庫。
不這樣做,你沒有理由與能力讓人們以你的網(wǎng)站為網(wǎng)上生活的圓心。但是,要建造這樣的天堂,除非你請格林斯潘來出任董事長。
忠于自己
這樣的行為模式,使我對在今天(不是明天),營建網(wǎng)上社區(qū),營建網(wǎng)上生活平臺,不敢喝彩。
營建網(wǎng)上生活平臺意味著,既要做門戶,又要做(擁有)目標(biāo)。這個方向不錯。如果能夠做到的話,問題是如何做。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)門戶現(xiàn)在仍然是一個熱門的字眼。雅虎的一位高人這樣描述雅虎:雅虎是一個機(jī)場,你去其他城市要從這里走,你從異地歸來,還要從這里過。這是我看見過的最通俗易懂的門戶概念。
有人對門戶不滿,提出了目標(biāo)網(wǎng)站,提出了hub 概念。我想,提出這些概念的人,肯定不是擁有門戶的人。目標(biāo)網(wǎng)站與門戶站點(diǎn)相比,當(dāng)然有其優(yōu)越性,看起來挺美。但是,這種美感也只是字面上的。
請告訴我,哪一個目標(biāo),是我們呆了就不想走的?playboy.com ,
whitehouse.com ,或者狄斯尼?你的身體足夠好,以至你可以在whitehouse.com那種地方一直呆下去?
說目標(biāo)網(wǎng)站很重要,我沒有異議;說門戶站點(diǎn)很酷,我贊成;如果說目標(biāo)網(wǎng)站比門戶重要,或者是門戶后的標(biāo)致性建筑,或者說門戶比目標(biāo)重要,我不那么明白。門戶是什么我們都知道,那么,目標(biāo)網(wǎng)站具體指什么?
新浪新聞中心是目標(biāo)嗎?當(dāng)然是。你每天呆幾分鐘?新浪新聞中心(目標(biāo)),比新浪(作為門戶)更重要嗎?就憑你在新浪首頁呆的時間不如在新聞中心的時間長?
新浪論壇是目標(biāo)嗎?沒有疑問。你每天呆幾個小時?好象,新浪論壇(利方在線論壇)早在新浪門戶出現(xiàn)之前就已經(jīng)如雷貫耳了。先有門戶,先有目標(biāo)?先有雞,還是先有蛋?
8848是目標(biāo)嗎?你已經(jīng)在那里買了幾樣?xùn)|西?我認(rèn)識的人中,只知道有一個人從8848買了一樣?xùn)|西。由于種種原因,他花了49天時間,從那里買了一本書。如果他愿意,他只需花一個小時,去一趟新華書店,就可以買回那本書來。但他的經(jīng)歷很值,因?yàn)?,他買這本書并不僅僅是喜歡這本書,他喜歡這一次實(shí)驗(yàn)。就此寫了一篇文章,文章的稿費(fèi)大于書款。
請幫忙列一張目標(biāo)站點(diǎn)的清單,然后,我們來討論一下,目標(biāo)站點(diǎn)會如何左右我們的網(wǎng)上生活。
目標(biāo)是特定的,門戶是共性的。每個人有自己的不同于他人的目標(biāo)(網(wǎng)站),你不能說你的目標(biāo)重要,他的目標(biāo)不重要。對于球迷來說,體育沙龍就是最重要的目標(biāo)。但是,對于獵艷人來說,最重要的目標(biāo)是某某聊天室。從根本上講,只有一個人自己的目標(biāo)才是最重要的、最有意義的。
我想,從上述行文中,你一定明白我想賣什么藥了。門戶不錯,目標(biāo)挺好,HUB湊合,平臺也行。關(guān)鍵是你如何做。
身為網(wǎng)絡(luò)中人,特別需要概念,需要營銷,需要哄人。網(wǎng)下,CIS已經(jīng)風(fēng)行了多年。網(wǎng)上,CIS概念倒并不特別扎眼,但是,包裝自己的動機(jī)十分強(qiáng)烈。
我總覺得,名字是符號,不值什么錢。牧丹二字中的美感,不是來自于這兩個字,而是由這兩個字所對應(yīng)的那種花定義的。雅虎的魅力,也不是源自這兩個字,而是來自那數(shù)不勝數(shù)的一條條由手工整合而成的鏈接與簡介。
我想說的實(shí)際上只有一句話:面對不忠實(shí)的網(wǎng)上讀者,最好的辦法是忠于自己。忠于自己的理念,自己的創(chuàng)意,自己的設(shè)計(jì),包括自己的概念。( 當(dāng)然,如果誰忠于PUSH ,就只能陪葬了。) 因?yàn)?,我們在互?lián)網(wǎng)上的新生活,新媒體建設(shè)者,自己就不那么忠于自己,不那么自信。在人們揭竿而起,改弦更張之時,我是否也得跟風(fēng)?
所謂忠于自己的概念是:認(rèn)清自己的優(yōu)勢,最大化自己的優(yōu)勢。建立自己的絕對比較權(quán)威。集中注意力是十分必要的。無論你做的是門戶還是目標(biāo),只要集中注意力,都會取得某種程度的成功。
奧卿之于金斯利,不就是這樣的例子嗎?
寫到這里,我形成了一個想法。我將做一個筆記,將網(wǎng)絡(luò)旗手們提出的種種新概念,做一個基本的記錄,然后,每年來進(jìn)行一次比照。看看,這些旗手們都舉過哪些大旗,挑了幾次邊?這挺有意思是嗎。版權(quán)所有,但可以議價出讓。
( 原載 Chinabyte 1/15/2000)
One year in, Slate draws 9,000 paying subscribers
Lucia Moses ?@lmoses June 8, 2015
For Slate, getting readers to pay for content was going back to the future. Back in 1998, it was one of the first sites to try a paywall, which quickly failed. Sixteen years later, the politics and culture site introduced Slate Plus, a membership model — don’t call it a paywall, please — that kept the site free but offered its most loyal readers additional benefits for $5 a month or $50 a year.
The draw: members of Slate Plus get ad-free podcasts; members-only stories and newsletters; early access to big stories; and discounts to live events. A year in, the numbers are solid if unspectacular: Slate said it has gotten more than 9,000 members, which, it said, has exceeded expectations. Still, the numbers aren’t eye-opening, representing an annual revenue intake of about $500,000. Slate is private and doesn’t release financials, but that’s undoubtedly a small part of its operation.
Julia Turner, Slate’s editor, said the publisher is seeking to grow that number 75 percent in year two, having seen sign-ups increase after a recent membership push and addition of new content. At that rate, membership revenue would near $1 million, a not unsubstantial sum.
“We launched Slate Plus because we were looking to diversify our revenue, and we knew we had a dedicated core of readers,” she said. “The fact we’ve seen a doubled weekly sign-up rate is a great testament to the product going forward.”
Nine thousand might seem like a tiny number. Assuming all are paying the annual rate (Slate said that 75 percent are), that’s $450,000 a year in Slate’s coffers. On the cost side, the program requires two full-time dedicated staffers, with a third to be hired soon, and existing staff.
But it’s early days. Many publishers have adopted paid-content strategies, but most are still in a period of testing and learning what portion of their audiences will pay for content, and how much. So direct comparisons with Slate are hard to come by.
“It’s an excellent start,” said Gene Hoffman, chairman and CEO of Vindicia, a subscription-billing service. “The fact they’ve got an existing subscriber base — which is probably a good percentage of their core audience. Are they making a huge amount of money yet? No, but they’re not aggressive about putting it out there.”
It’s almost impossible to generalize about which segment of a publisher’s audience will pay and how much they’re willing to fork over, because it depends so much on the price and the offering, said Trevor Kaufman, president and CEO of paywall operator TinyPass, which has Slate as a client.
“Everyone wants to know what percentage of my audience will become a paid subscriber,” Kaufman said. “The reason it’s not that simple is, sites vary tremendously in their loyalty. You can have a ton of traffic around Kim Kardashian articles, and a very small percentage are willing to pay.”
Kaufman said that 5-15 percent of his clients’ audience usually falls into the definition of dedicated audience. To come up with that figure, the company looks at metrics including the percent of a site’s audience that has visited it three or more out of the past 30 days and have seen eight or more pageviews in the past 30 days. From there, the target is usually to convert one-third of the dedicated audience to paying users. But that’s over time and refers to paywalls, which isn’t the Slate model.
The Slate Plus program is aimed at a small audience by design. The experience of a hard or metered paywall like The Wall Street Journal or The New York Times, two of the most famous paywall examples, doesn’t really apply. In those cases, people are cut off from content if they don’t subscribe, so you would expect a relatively high rate of sign-ups. At The Times, for example, which has a metered paywall, core digital subscribers represent about half its total paid circulation.
Slate kept its existing site free, though, so you would expect the uptake to be lower. Its approach is closer to that taken by The Guardian last September, where it kept the site free but gave people the chance to pay for discounts and access to events, £15 ($22) or £60 ($91) a month, depending on the level of membership. (The Guardian wouldn’t say how many paying members it has.)
The thinking at Slate is that getting those loyal readers to pay will not only generate revenue to fund more journalism but will foster a stronger connection to those readers who can be advocates for the publisher. It’s a strategy that runs directly counter to the scale chasing that has become common at many digital publishers today — and has given rise to extreme traffic measures that are of questionable value to advertisers.
“There’s incredible pressure to show growth in unique users which means attracting people to the site that have never been there before,” Turner said. “If sites aren’t careful, they can neglect the interests of their most loyal readers. We are an ad-supported business and expect to remain that way, but finding a way to connect with our core audience that will allow us to do things that are editorially innovative is what’s most exciting about Slate Plus.”
Slate has also used the past year to learn which benefits were most popular as it considers how to make the program stronger in year two. It saw that podcasts and behind-the-scenes articles and insights from individual writers did especially well, so it added some bonus podcasts. But people didn’t love hearing the promo language at the beginning of the podcasts, so Slate axed that. Also less popular was a new commenting technology that was debuted on Slate Plus that lets people chime in at any given part of an article.
Based on that feedback, Slate hopes to grow memberships by broadening its appeal with new content. A big component of this will be access to a new offering, Slate Academy, a collection of podcasts and articles that go deep into a subject area. The first, launched three weeks ago, focuses on the history of slavery in America. Other, still to-be-decided topics, will follow.
“People are happy with it as a product, and they respond particularly to content,” Turner said. “So the strategy for the second year is to do more of the stuff they like already and use Slate Plus as a lab to experiment with different types of products.”