“come to”的幾種形式極其容易引起混淆,關(guān)鍵在于分清“to”在搭配中的具體含義?!皌o”在這種搭配中有4種含義:充當(dāng)介詞;充當(dāng)不定式符號(hào);充當(dāng)副詞;能只是習(xí)語(yǔ)的錯(cuò)配形式。下面分別按從常見到罕見的次序例釋各種用法。
1. “to”充當(dāng)不定式
“to”充當(dāng)不定式符號(hào)時(shí),“come to”的含義為:達(dá)到或被帶到某種狀態(tài)或結(jié)果;開始對(duì)某人或某物產(chǎn)生某種感覺。
(1) to come to bear.
承擔(dān)
Those who did?come to bear?witness?saw more than a wedding.
那些前來作見證的人所看到的不僅僅是一場(chǎng)婚禮。
Some great, bricklike force had?come to bear?on him, and his head began to turn.
一塊巨大的磚塊般的力量壓在他身上,他的頭開始轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
(2) She had come to regard him as one of her few real friends.
她開始將他視為她為數(shù)不多的真正朋友之一。
(3) the man who had?come to symbolize?the Franco-American alliance.
來象征法美聯(lián)盟的人。
(4) I’m just explaining to them how we?come to be?in Liverpool.
我只是在向他們解釋我們是如何來到利物浦的。
(5) She was angry when it?came to light?that some people were being promoted unfairly.
當(dāng)?shù)弥行┤吮徊还降靥岚螘r(shí),她很生氣。
(習(xí)語(yǔ)“come to light”意為“真相大白”,其中“l(fā)ight”是動(dòng)詞。)
(6) Come to think of it, I did see him.
回想起來,我確實(shí)見過他。
(7) This custom has?come to?stay
習(xí)慣了這種風(fēng)俗。
(8) How did you?come to?live in such a wonderful house?
你是怎么住在這么漂亮的房子里的?
(9) You may?come to?regret having lent him money.
你可能會(huì)后悔借給他錢。
(10) How did she?come to?marry such a fool?
她怎么會(huì)嫁給這么一個(gè)傻子?
(11) How do you?come to?be here?
你是怎么去那兒的?
(12) When the history of the present war?comes to?be written.
當(dāng)這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的歷史被書寫時(shí)。
(13) I have?come to?believe that...
我開始相信……
(14) I?came to?regret my choice of college very shortly after arriving here.
剛到這里不久,我就后悔選擇了大學(xué)。
(15) After working in a meat-packing plant for a year, I?came to?hate the smell of raw
meat.
在肉類加工廠工作了一年后,我開始討厭生肉的味道。
(16) At first our marriage was purely one of convenience, but we did?come to?love one another eventually.
起初我們的婚姻純粹是為了方便,但最終我們確實(shí)相愛了。
(17) When one?comes to?look more closely into the question one discovers that...
當(dāng)人們更仔細(xì)地研究這個(gè)問題時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)......
(18) By extension the word has?come to?mean...
通過擴(kuò)展,這個(gè)詞的意思是......
2 “to”充當(dāng)副詞
“to”充當(dāng)副詞時(shí),在“come to”搭配中表示“指向”。
(1) We’ll see what he says when he?comes to (here).
我們將看到他來的時(shí)候說什么。(表示將來時(shí)間的指向。)
(2) The yacht?came to?(there) and ran with the wind.
那艘游艇隨風(fēng)飄揚(yáng)。(表示沿風(fēng)指向。)
(3) She?came to?Chicago by train.
她乘火車來到芝加哥。(表示芝加哥的方向。)
(4) After Lily fainted, we used smelling salts to get her to?come to.
Lily暈倒后,我們用嗅鹽讓她醒過來。
(5) The patient wasn't sure where he was when he?came to?in the emergency room.
當(dāng)他來到急診室時(shí),病人不確定自己在哪里。
(6) We'll?come to (there)?in this port for now and regroup.
我們現(xiàn)在先到這個(gè)港口重新集結(jié)。
(7) The ship needs to?come to (there)?so that we can visit the port.
船需要???,以便我們可以參觀港口。
(8) many a ship has?come to grief?along this shore.
許多船在這條海岸遭遇不幸。
3 “to”充當(dāng)前置詞(介詞)
“to”充當(dāng)副詞時(shí),在“come to”搭配中表示多種含義。
3.1 表示出現(xiàn)在人的腦海里
(1) Give me a minute, that song will?come to?me.
給我一分鐘時(shí)間,我就會(huì)想起這首歌。
(2) Why do the best ideas always?come to?me in the shower when I can't write them down?
為什么最好的想法總是出現(xiàn)在我在洗澡時(shí)無法寫下來的出現(xiàn)?
3.2 表示得出某種結(jié)論,例如結(jié)論
(1) How did you?come to?this decision? Tell me your thought process.
你是怎么做出這個(gè)決定的? 說說你的思考過程。
(2) I've?come to?the conclusion that we need to try a different method.
我得出的結(jié)論是,我們需要嘗試不同的方法。
3.3 到達(dá)或訪問特定的地點(diǎn)
(1) I?came to?this city because it's home to such beautiful architecture.
我來到這座城市是因?yàn)樗鼡碛腥绱嗣利惖慕ㄖ?/p>
(2) I'll?come to?your house tonight and drop off your cake pan.
今晚我會(huì)到你家去放下你的蛋糕盤。
3.4 達(dá)到某個(gè)具體的數(shù)額
(1) Your total?comes to?$47.80.
您的總金額為 47.80 美元。
(2) the bill?came to?£20,000
賬單達(dá)到 20,000 英鎊。
3.5 產(chǎn)生、達(dá)成,或接受特定的影響、結(jié)果或后果(相當(dāng)于短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)
(1) I hope my lies don't?come to?any consequence.
我希望我的謊言不會(huì)產(chǎn)生任何后果。
(2) She had?come to terms with?the tragedies in her life.
她已經(jīng)接受了她生命中的悲劇。
(3) The company has?come to terms with?the union.
該公司已與工會(huì)達(dá)成協(xié)議。
(4) You’ll just have to?come to terms with?the fact that she is more capable than you.
你只需要接受她比你更有能力的事實(shí)。
(5)?come to terms?with modern life.
適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代生活。
注:可以把“come to terms with”看成習(xí)語(yǔ),“term”表示“妥協(xié),協(xié)議,條款,現(xiàn)實(shí),等”。
3.6 恢復(fù)正常的行為或感覺。 在這種用法中,在“to”之后使用反身代詞。
(1) I was starting to get disoriented after being awake for 36 hours straight, but I?came to?myself after a good night's rest.
連續(xù) 36 小時(shí)不眠后,我開始迷失方向,但經(jīng)過一夜好眠后,我才清醒過來。
4 “to”只是習(xí)語(yǔ)的錯(cuò)配形式
我們都知道,語(yǔ)法是語(yǔ)法學(xué)家根據(jù)使用的語(yǔ)言總結(jié)出來的規(guī)則。是先有語(yǔ)言再有語(yǔ)法。因此,有些習(xí)語(yǔ)是按習(xí)慣沿用下來的,其構(gòu)成并不符合現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法。如果要用現(xiàn)有的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則去判斷,那么它就是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)語(yǔ)。這是習(xí)語(yǔ)的一個(gè)特征。下面這些與“come to”搭配的習(xí)語(yǔ),就不能按以上任何一種形式去理解“to”。
4.1 come to grips with(著手解決問題)
grips是否與grip有關(guān),沒法查證,只能說最可能與grip有關(guān)。用法示例:
(1) A person might struggle to?come to grips with?losing a job.
一個(gè)人可能很難角決失去工作的問題。
(2) They haven’t yet?come to grips with?the problem.
他們還沒有著手解決這個(gè)問題。
(3) We now have to?come to grips with?the fact that today’s episode is about to end.
我們現(xiàn)在必須面對(duì)今天的情節(jié)即將結(jié)束的事實(shí)。
4.2 come to blows(開始互毆)
blow是毆打的意思,如果to是不定式符號(hào),則應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)詞原開;如果to是介詞,應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在分詞;這里明顯blow是動(dòng)詞用法。因此,也不能按照規(guī)范語(yǔ)法理解。
(1) They almost?came to blows?during their argument.
他們?cè)跔?zhēng)吵中差點(diǎn)打起來。
(2) The two actors reputedly almost?came to blows.
據(jù)說這兩位演員差點(diǎn)大打出手。
(3) Shopping on Black Friday can be so frenetic and crazy that many customers nearly?come to blows with?one another!
黑色星期五購(gòu)物是如此的瘋狂和瘋狂,以至于許多顧客幾乎互相打架!