
2017年8月1日
有目的的練習Purposeful Practice
? ? 一開始,書中像講故事一樣,作者講述了他給一名大學生 Steve正在做的短期記憶的訓練。一開始,Steve就像普通路人一樣,如果每秒讀出一個數字的話,他只能記憶7-8個,極限是9個數字,這時候Steve認為已經到了他短期記憶的極限了,他不可能再有進步了。
確實短期記憶對于記憶數量有著嚴格的限制,Steve到了他的極限。但是作者卻這么認為,他和Steve改進了記憶的方法,首先從一個隨機的、有5個數字的數字串開始,如果史蒂夫記住了,會讀6個數字。如果他又記住了,再增加到7個數字。依此類推。每次給數字串上增加1個數字,他都可以記住。如果他記錯了,會將數字串的長度縮短2個數字,然后再繼續(xù)。就這樣訓練下來,兩年時間,Steve竟然能記住82個數字了!
隨著年代的更迭,各項紀錄不斷在刷新,各個領域的杰出人物不斷涌現,許多人擁有超常的能力,那些能力超過人類歷史上任何時代的人們所擁有的能力。然而盡管這些能力非常卓越,但關于這些人如何開發(fā)這些超常能力,卻并沒有秘密可言。他們練習,大量地練習。
While the abilities are extradrdinary ,there is no mystery at all about how these people developed them.They practiced .A lot.
作者多年來一直致力于研究理解練習到底可以怎樣幫助我們創(chuàng)造新的能力和拓展已有的能力,同時特別關注那些運用反復不斷的練習,最終成為他們所在行業(yè)或領域中世界最佳的人。作者發(fā)現,不論什么行業(yè),不論什么領域,音樂也好,體育也好,象棋也好,最有效的那些練習,全都遵循同樣一些普遍原則。The most effective types of pratice all follow the same set of general principles.
答案就是,在任何行業(yè)或領域之中,最有效的和最強大的那類練習,都通過充分利用人類的身體與大腦的適應能力,來逐步地創(chuàng)造出能夠做到一些過去不可能的事情的能力。
The answer is that the most effectuve and most powerful types of pratice in any field work by harnessing the adaptability of the human body and brain to creat ,step by step,the ability to do things that were previously not possible.
各種各樣的練習都可能有效,但其中一種特殊的形式則是黃金標準,“刻意練習”deliberate practice。這是我們知道的最有效和最強大的練習形式,可以適用于任何行業(yè)任何領域。
Purposeful Practice
為了讓我們可以更深入的了解刻意練習,作者先介紹了其他一些基本的練習方式,也是我們大家最經常經歷到的。比如你想學習一項新技能,以打網球為例,首先,你對網球很感興趣,你想學習,然后你需要去買一些網球設備,配置,然后得去花錢上課,老師告訴你一些技巧,你需要多加練習,慢慢地,你的技術提高,你已經打得很不錯了,甚至還可以參加比賽了,你的網球已經完全達到通常意義上的很不錯的水平,在球場上,你的所有動作都是自動做出的,你的表現也被人們所接受,不需要太多的思考,如此一來,你可以真正在球場上放松,享受比賽。但是你也會發(fā)現,你還是有些弱點,有些難度較大的球接不到,但也沒什么大礙。
其實生活中我們普通人恐怕好多都有這樣的經歷,你學一樣技能,從最開始的一無所知,經過勤奮練習,成果顯著,你已經學會了,達到了你的預期水平,已經夠了。我們在生活中所做的事情,很多只需要我們達到中等水平便可以了。
但在這里,你要理解一件非常重要的事情:一旦你已經達到了這種令你滿意的技能水平,而且能做到自然而然地表現出你的水平,你就已經不再進步了。
Once a person reaches that level of acceptable performance and automaticity, the additional years pratice don't lead to improvement.
普通人總會對此有些誤解,他們認為只要你繼續(xù)努力,繼續(xù)練習,你的網球可以打得更好,你的鋼琴可以彈的更好,也許進步會比較緩慢,但最終還是會很出色的。但是,現實并不是這樣。研究表明,一般而言,一旦某個人的表現達到了“可接受”的水平,并且可以做到自動化,那么,再多“練習”幾年,也不會有什么進步。比如說有些干了20年的老醫(yī)生還不如干了五年的醫(yī)生水平高,原因就是因為他們熟練以后,沒有刻意練習去提高,那些自動化的能力慢慢就會退化了。我想大家都知道努力堅持的重要性,當遇到困難的時候,也都會自己給自己鼓勁Try hard,但是也許這時候你就是在重復毫無意義的事情,毫無進步可言。但是好多并不知道問題出在哪里?該如何做到自我突破?其實好多時候,一味的堅持,努力,繼續(xù)未必是正確的,當發(fā)現效果進展不如人意的時候,就要停下來,好好思索,嘗試一下不同的方法,路線Try differently。
我們該如何提高?該怎樣突破?這便是Steve在經過幾次練習之后發(fā)現他自己所處的情形,已經到極限了。然而他后來采取了一種訓練方式,最終突破了自己的極限,這種練習我們稱之為“有目的的練習”Purposeful Practice。這種方法比通常的方法更有效一些,而且,是通向刻意練習的第一步,而我們的最終目標便是刻意練習deliberate practice。
單詞部分
1.sound ?書中例句 Steve was already beginning to sound discouraged.
詞典v..1.聽起來似乎;聽著好像 When you talk about the way someone sounds, you are describing the impression you have of them when they speak.
造句 She sounded a bit worried
2.某物)聽起來 When you are describing a noise, you can talk about the way it sounds .
● They heard what sounded like a huge explosion...
The creaking of the hinges sounded very loud in that silence.
2.hit or miss? 書中例句 He usually got the eight-digit strings right,but ,ine digits was? hit or miss.
詞典 adj.as?l ikely?to be?bad?as to be good, esp. because of not being?planned?or?organized?well:遇事現打主意的,沒有計劃性的,
造句 He did a lot of hit or miss reading。
It was a very hit or ?miss affair, totally lacking any kind of organization.
3.run into a wall ?字面意思 撞到了墻
The bus get out of control and run into a wall.
引申為遇到困難 書中例子?So it is no surprise that he was running into wall at numbers that were about eight or nine digits long.
相似詞組run into a stone wall 遇到困難
I seem to have?run into a stone wall.Can you help me out?
run into a stone wall還有另外一層意思:碰壁 遭到拒絕
Life is hard,and maybe we could?run into a stone wall?unexpectedly.
類似詞語還有run into a blank wall
He isn't in good mood these days,so you will?run into a blank wall?if you speak to him.
4.intrigue ?v.書中例句That was exactly the sort of question that most intrigued me.?
詞典? 尤指奇怪的事物)迷住,激起…的好奇心 If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.
造句 You've really intrigued me─tell me more!
5.delve into v.書中例句But before we delve into the details of deliberate practice,it will be best if we spend a little time ?underatanding some more basic types of practice.
詞典1.探究;鉆研 If you delve into something, you try to discover new information about it.
造句 If you're interested in a subject, use the Internet to delve deeper..
2.(在壁櫥、袋子等中)搜尋,翻找 If you delve inside something such as a cupboard or a bag, you search inside it.
● She delved into her rucksack and pulled out a folder.
.
6.pro?1.n.書中例句You even end up hitting the ball like a pro.
詞典 ?職業(yè)人員;專業(yè)人員 從事某職業(yè)的人;職業(yè)運動員;職業(yè)選手;老手A pro is a professional.
造句 He handled the situation like an old pro
2.adj.(運動員、體育運動)職業(yè)的,專業(yè)的 A pro player is a professional sportsman or woman. You can also use pro to refer to sports that are played by professional sportsmen or women.
...a former college and pro basketball player.
7.stall? v.書中例句 ?If you're not completely satisfied with your level of play,your improvement stalls.
詞典1.(VERB) 拖延 If you stall, you try to avoid doing something until later.
造句Thomas had spent all week stalling over his decision.
2.暫時阻止;把…拖住 If you stall someone, you prevent them from doing something until a later time.
He stalled the man until the police arrived.
3(使)突然熄火 If a vehicle stalls or if you accidentally stall it, the engine stops suddenly.
The engine stalled.
4.(使)(進程)暫停;(使)推后 If a process stalls, or if someone or something stalls it, the process stops but may continue at a later time.
The plan stalled for some reasons.