這是一篇讀書筆記，讀的是 TKT ^[1] 的 Unit 1 Grammar。

語法理論

1. 語法描述了「人們是如何使用語言的」。
   Grammar refer to how we combine, organise and change parts of words, words and groups of words to make meaning.

2. 語法結(jié)構(gòu)描述了「詞匯如何組織成一種語言」。
   Grammatical forms (<small>語法結(jié)構(gòu),語言的組織形式</small>) refer to how words are made up and presented in speech or writing.

3. 我們可以通過 詞性、句子結(jié)構(gòu) 和 構(gòu)詞法 來理解「詞匯是如何組織成語言的」。
   We can identify grammatical forms in parts of speech, grammatical structures and words that contain prefixes and suffixes.

4. 詞性(詞類)決定了「詞匯能夠以何種身份出現(xiàn)在句子中」。
   A part of speech or word class describes how words behave in sentences.
   一種詞性/詞類 (a part of speech or word class) 指代那些在句中具有相同語法功能的一類詞構(gòu)成的集合。例如，名詞是一類詞，其中的每個詞都可以在句子中充當主語或賓語；形容詞也是一類詞，其中大部分詞既可以在句中充當表語、也可以在句中充當定語，其中有的詞只能充當表語，有的詞只能充當定語。

有時候，一類詞的長相會發(fā)生變化，當這類詞表達一些略微有差別的意思的時候。例如，對 old 這個可分級形容詞 (graded adjective) 來說，old 是原級，older 是比較級，oldest 是最高級。
The form of some parts of speech varies according to the function the parts of speech have in sentence.

5. 我們還可以通過句子結(jié)構(gòu)來識別語言的組織形式。
   We also see different grammatical forms in a grammatical structure (<small>句子結(jié)構(gòu),語言結(jié)構(gòu)</small>), i.e. the arrangement of words into patterns which have meaning. We find grammatical structures not just in different forms of the parts of speech but also at the level of sentences, phrases and clauses.

• 構(gòu)詞法跟詞性有關，因而也可以被看作語法的討論范圍。
  We can also talk about how words are formed through the use of two kinds of important way in which English forms words is through the use of two kinds of affixes (<small>詞綴</small>): prefixes and suffixes.

• 一堆詞匯，只有結(jié)構(gòu)化成句子，才能傳遞信息。
  Grammatical uses refer to how grammatical structures are used to convey (or communicate) meaning. A particular grammatical structure does not always have the same meaning. Its meaning or use comes from the context in which it is used.

語法教學者，謹記：

1. 注意，語法一直在使用中發(fā)生著變化。
   Grammar rules describe the way that language works, but language changes over time, so grammar rules are not fixed. They change, too. But grammar rules and grammar books don't always change as quickly as the language, so they are not always up-to-date. Teachers need to keep up-to-date with what parts of the language are changing and how.

• 注意，學習語法并不是對每一個第二語言學習者都有幫助。
  Learning some grammatical rules and terms makes language learning easier for some learners. Other language learners, e.g. young children, may not find it useful at all.

• 注意，語言的主要價值在于使用它。
  How to communicate is the main purpose of language. So, much language teaching nowaday focuses on functions, language skills, fluency and communication.

下圖是根據(jù)「第1單元 FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES 第2題」畫出的詞匯樹 (vocabulary trees)。

1. The TKT Course: Modules 1, 2 and 3 (2nd edition; 2011).　TKT = Teaching Knowledge Test (劍橋英語教學能力認證考試). ?