Chapter One Introduction : Public Economics
本書內(nèi)容:
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Part One - 實(shí)證研究,關(guān)注問(wèn)題“收入稅收是否遏制(discourage)工作積極性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)態(tài)度?”,“企業(yè)所得稅(corporation tax)的最終納稅人是誰(shuí)?”
Lecture 2 - Effect of income taxation on labour supply
Lecture 3 - Effect of income taxation on saving
Lecture 4 - Effect of income taxation on risk-taking
Lecture 5 - Impact of corporation tax on investments by firms ( find incidence - 最終納稅人)
Lecture 6、7、8 - Incidence of the corporation profits tax
Lecture 9 - Explict distibutional model, which can used to assess the impact of taxation and expenditure on the inequality of incomes
Lecture 10 - Models in which public decisions are influenced by voters, political parties, legislators, and administrators
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Part Two - 規(guī)范部分,試圖為政府決策提供一些基本的規(guī)則
Lecture 11 - the objectives of the government have been formulated and the resulting criteria for the decision-making
Lecture 12 - the structure of indirect taxation
Lecture 13 - the design of income raxation and the degree of progression
Lecture 14 - combination of Lecture 12 & 13, on the balanced between direct and indirect taxation
Lecture 15 - public enterprise policy
Lecture 16 - public good
Lecture 17 - local public goods
涉及的內(nèi)容:
- 稅收側(cè),收入和財(cái)產(chǎn)稅、向財(cái)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移征稅、企業(yè)所得稅和間接稅等
- 支出側(cè),中央政府和地方政府的商品和服務(wù)供給,轉(zhuǎn)移支付等
1-2 政府角色
"... its primary function ' of preserving and stabilizing the property relations of the capitalist economy'..."(Gordon, 1972, p. 322)
(本書關(guān)注)稅收、公共支出、(公共企業(yè)/效用)生產(chǎn)中的政府參與,以及政府行為 ,包括:
- 直接控制(direct controls):rationing , central planning , zoning , licensing
- 管制(regulation): of public utilities in the United States, of price and wages in many countries
- 對(duì)公司或組織立法(legislation controlling firms or unions): anti-monopoly、pollution、safety
- 貨幣和債務(wù)政策: regulation of monetary institutions
分析的起點(diǎn)是完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)(free market economy),如果市場(chǎng)是完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)并且存在一系列市場(chǎng)的話,均衡將會(huì)是帕累托有效的(Pareto-efficient)。但是,
- 帕累托有效是指“沒(méi)有人能在不降低其他人效用的前提下提高自己的效用”(no one can be made better off without someone else being worse off),在分配意義上來(lái)說(shuō)與大眾人士的公平概念
- 現(xiàn)實(shí)中,難以達(dá)到完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)。比如反托拉斯法保證單個(gè)企業(yè)無(wú)法或者足夠大
- 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的狀態(tài)下,也可能因?yàn)椴淮嬖谌渴袌?chǎng)(比如缺少期權(quán)、保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng))或不完全信息而無(wú)法達(dá)到帕累托有效狀態(tài)
- 由于非完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或不完全信息等原因,經(jīng)濟(jì)體大多時(shí)候無(wú)法充分利用資源
- 外部性的存在
- 市場(chǎng)上往往無(wú)法充分提供公共產(chǎn)品(public goods),其中一些產(chǎn)品要求位于特殊的位置,只能是本地 (local) 公共產(chǎn)品
- “merit wants”(Musgrave, 1959), 政府會(huì)認(rèn)定一些商品是“好的”或者“壞的”,并鼓勵(lì)前者(如,教育)而遏制后者(如,酒精)