第一章非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均由動(dòng)詞變化而成，一共有三種：
第一節(jié)不定式：
1.原形不定式:就是原形動(dòng)詞。
1.1.常出現(xiàn)在助動(dòng)詞之后。I can do it.He should finish it.We must obey the law
1.2.原形不定式與知覺(jué)動(dòng)詞：表“看”、“聽(tīng)”、“感覺(jué)”的知覺(jué)動(dòng)詞之后，可接原形動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，表已發(fā)生的事實(shí)。看：watch,look at,observe聽(tīng)：hear,listen to感覺(jué)：feel。
I saw him enter the room.
Inever heard him speak English.
I felr the house shake.
I was watching the swallows fly to and fro.
注意：若改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原形不定式要變成to+原形動(dòng)詞。
1.3.原形不定式與“役使動(dòng)詞”：let ,make,have,bid之后要以原形動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)。
Let me try it.=Allow me to try it.
I had him warsh the car.=I got to warsh the car.除have外，let ,make,bid均可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且要用加to不定式。
They bade him do it.=He was bidden to do it.
2.置to的不定式to study（通常所說(shuō)的不定式就是這種）
You should help him study the lesson.（原形不定式）
He refused to study the lesson.（置to不定式）
3.“to+原形動(dòng)詞”所形成的不定式有三種功用：不定式作名詞用可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。
3.1不定式作主語(yǔ)：
3.1.1不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表一種意愿或未完成的事，且be動(dòng)詞后的表語(yǔ)若為名詞，應(yīng)該是表意愿、目的、企圖等名詞，常用的此類名詞有：plan,purpose,attempt,goal,aim,ambition,dream,ideal,wish,hope,decition,determination,proposal等。
3.1.2不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用形式主語(yǔ)It取代
It is my goal to marry her.
To take a trip around the world has been my dream.
3.1.3不定式作主語(yǔ)之結(jié)構(gòu)變化：不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若短語(yǔ)中最后一個(gè)詞為賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)可移至句首作主語(yǔ)。例如：To please my father is difficult.→My father is difficult to please.
3.2.不定式作賓語(yǔ)：
3.2.1不定式不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只能作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，該及物動(dòng)詞均為表意愿、企圖的動(dòng)詞。常用的有：want,wish,hope,desire,intend,try,determine,decide,attempt,expect,like,love,endeavor等
He intended to visit Paris.
3.2.2作不完全及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用it作形式賓語(yǔ)后接補(bǔ)語(yǔ)再接真正的賓語(yǔ)不定式如make it a rule +to V.。
3.3.不定式作表語(yǔ)：
3.3.1.不定式作表語(yǔ)此時(shí)，主語(yǔ)均為表意愿、企圖的名詞。my plan is to see her.
3.3.2.下列句型中be動(dòng)詞后的to可省略：All you have to do is(to)take a good rest.All I can do (is) wait.What you should do is simply (to)appologize to him.All I did yesterday was (to)eat and sleep.
4.不定式作形容詞修飾名詞用：
4.1此類不定式一律采用后位修飾，修飾前面的名詞。
4.2.所修飾的名詞要作不定式短語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)不然就是短語(yǔ)中介詞的賓語(yǔ)，若是be動(dòng)詞就作表語(yǔ)。I have somthing to do.（修飾代詞something）there is one thing to be done.
I have no friend to advise me.（作advise的主語(yǔ)）
I want something to eat.（作賓語(yǔ)eat）
I have no one to talk to（作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)）
5.Be動(dòng)詞后接形容詞不定式：主動(dòng)形式表將來(lái)（=will）或表義務(wù)（=should）；被動(dòng)形式表當(dāng)然（=should）或可能（=can）
He is to come tomorrow.=He is going to come tomorrow.
You are to do it=you should do it.
Such a lazy man is to be fired=Such a lazy man should be fired.
My hat was nowhere tobe found.=My hat could not be found anywhere.
6.不定式和虛擬語(yǔ)氣：
6.1意愿動(dòng)詞加不定式與虛擬語(yǔ)氣：
表意愿的動(dòng)詞如：expect,hope,intend,want等，①用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，再接to have+p.p.形成表與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，等于would have+p.p.本來(lái)想……IWould have done it.but I was busy.=I intended to have done it,but I was busy.=I had intended to do it,but I was busy.②如上例，也可以把這些表意愿的動(dòng)詞改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)再接不定式，同樣表與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，句型為expected to have p.p.=had expected to+原形動(dòng)詞。
6.2.was/were to have+p.p.=should have+p.p.（本應(yīng)該……）本結(jié)構(gòu)也可表與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
They were to have started outearly,but it was raining heavily.=They should have started out early,but it was raining heavily.
7.不定式的省略：不定式短語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞若在前面的句中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)，為避免重復(fù)，可以省略但保留to。You may go if you want to (go).
8.不定式有時(shí)也可形成感嘆句，例如：
To think that such a lazy boy should have passed the exam!
9.help的用法：
9.1.help+賓語(yǔ)+（to)+原形動(dòng)詞
He help ed me(to) do the work.
9.2.help+賓語(yǔ)+with+名詞
He helped me with the work.
9.3.help(to)+原形動(dòng)詞
He helped(to)do the work
9.4.help with+名詞
He helped with the work.
10.原形不定式的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
10.1.do nothing but+原形動(dòng)詞：
He did nothing but(did) eat all day.(but是并列連詞，前面的did是及物動(dòng)詞后面的did強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣可省略）
10.2.choose/expect/want/desire nothing+ to+原形動(dòng)詞。He wanted nothing but (wanted)to sleep.
10.3.be interested in nothing but+動(dòng)名詞/名詞。He is interested in nothing but(is interested in)singing
10.4.enjoy nothing but+名詞/動(dòng)名詞
I enjoy nothing but(enjoy)dancing.
10.5.can't but+原形動(dòng)詞=can't help+動(dòng)名詞
此處的help等于stop或resist，表抗拒。
When I heard the story,I couldn't but laugh=When I heard the story,I couldn't help laughing.=When I heard the story,I couldn't help but laugh.
11.不定式作副詞用
11.1.副詞不定式修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)要置于動(dòng)詞之后
I came to see her（作副詞修飾動(dòng)詞came）
11.2.副詞不定式修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)，多表目的，此時(shí)該副詞不定式也修飾含該動(dòng)詞的整個(gè)句子
He rushed all the way here to catch the train.該句中 all the way和here都是副詞修飾動(dòng)詞rushed這里副詞不定式修飾he rushed all the way here整句。
注意：表“目的”的副詞不定式修飾，通常置于動(dòng)詞之后，但也可移到主語(yǔ)之前，須用逗號(hào)相隔。例：he sang asong to please her.=To please her,he sang a song.
You should work very hard to win the award.=To win the award,you should work very hard.
11.3.不定式移至主語(yǔ)之前，一方面保持其副詞特性，修飾句中動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子；但也兼有形容詞功能修飾句中主語(yǔ)，該主語(yǔ)通常是表人的名詞或代詞。不定式在主語(yǔ)之前，不定式所表的動(dòng)作必須是其所修飾的主語(yǔ)造成的動(dòng)作。修飾動(dòng)詞的表目的之副詞不定式可由下列短語(yǔ)取代：he sang a song to please her=He sang a song in order to please her.=he sang a song so as to please her.=he sang a song with an eye to pleasing her.=He sang a song with a view to pleasing her.
11.4.副詞形容詞修飾形容詞時(shí)，要置于形容詞之后
He is able to handle the problem.
He is apt to lie.
The book is good to read.
11.5.副詞不定式修飾副詞時(shí)，要置于副詞之后
He is old enough to go swimming alone
12.獨(dú)立不定式：只用以修飾整個(gè)主句，不必考慮主語(yǔ)是人還是物。
To tell te truth,I don't like him.説真的，
To be frank with you,he is good for nothing.老實(shí)說(shuō)
To do him justice,he has done his best.平心而論
To make matters worse,it began to rain.更糟的是，下雨了。
He is nice,to be sure.but i don't like him.
He is,so to speak,a rascal.
He knows French,not to mention English.
13.從句化簡(jiǎn)為不定式，凡句中主語(yǔ)為形式主語(yǔ)it，之后接單一動(dòng)詞，或及物動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，再接that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)可將that從句化簡(jiǎn)為不定式。
13.1.單一動(dòng)詞時(shí)，例如：It seems that he workes hard.→He seems to work hard.
It happened that I was there.→I happened to be there.
It is said that he is good.→He is said to be good.類似的還有（reported,rumored,known,thought,believed,等過(guò)去分詞）
13.2.時(shí)態(tài)不同時(shí)，to之后加have（曾經(jīng)，已經(jīng)）+過(guò)去分詞。例如：It seems that he worked hard.→He seems to have worked hard.
It is said that he was a thug in the past.→He is said to have been a thug in the past.
13.3.Prove可作不完全不及物動(dòng)詞，表“顯示”，“結(jié)果是”例：What he said proved to be true.（不定式作表語(yǔ)）
The report proved to be false.=The report proved false.
14.不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：具有役使意味的不完全及物動(dòng)詞后加了賓語(yǔ)用不定式作賓補(bǔ)
常用的動(dòng)詞有：get,cause,lead,allow,permit,advise persuade,enable,tell,beg,ask,order,want,expect,wish ,intend等。例如：
The sad story caused him to cry.
His speech led me to understand the importance of learning English.
He advise me not to smoke again.
His timely help enabled me to finished it early.
I expect him to do it.
I'll get somebody to help you.
Wish和help皆可作完全及物動(dòng)詞，以不定式作賓語(yǔ)也可作不及物動(dòng)詞之后接介詞for，再接名詞。
All we can do now is wish for a miracle.
第二節(jié)分詞：分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種
2.1.現(xiàn)在分詞studying原形動(dòng)詞V.加-ing。
He is studying.
2.2.過(guò)去分詞studied一般為原形動(dòng)詞加-ed或不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞（需單獨(dú)記憶）
The problem should be carefuly studied.
2.3.動(dòng)名詞studying
He enjoys studying.
3.分詞當(dāng)形容詞用
The student raised a confusing question.
Th teacher was confused.
上例中confusing為現(xiàn)在分詞作形容詞修飾后面的名詞譯作“令人困惑的”；confused 為過(guò)去分詞作形容詞，在was后當(dāng)表語(yǔ)，譯作“感到困惑的。”
3.1.區(qū)分現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞：凡表“令人……的”用現(xiàn)在分詞；凡表“感到……的”或“受到……的”時(shí)，用過(guò)去分詞。當(dāng)表“正在……的”或“即將……的”意思時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞；表“已經(jīng)……的”時(shí)，用過(guò)去分詞。
The retiring teacher walked into the classroom.（將要退的）
Theretied soldier died last month.（已退的）
3.2.分詞作表語(yǔ)用：
3.2.1系動(dòng)詞（be,remain,become,seem,appear等）后作表語(yǔ)，譯作“……的”，分詞前可用very修飾。
The baby is tiring.（寶寶真累人）
He seems tired.（他似乎累了）
The experience is thrilling（這經(jīng)歷夠刺激）
He became more and more interested in learning English.（他對(duì)學(xué)英語(yǔ)越來(lái)越感興趣）
注意：有些分詞不能譯作“……的”，此類分詞只能用于be動(dòng)詞后，不能視作形容詞，而應(yīng)作為動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
He was killed.
He was killing the termites.
He was writing a letter.
The letter was being written.
3.3.作及物動(dòng)詞后賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)首先區(qū)分形成分詞的原動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞：
3.3.1.及物動(dòng)詞變分詞：用現(xiàn)在分詞+其賓語(yǔ)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
Ifound him killing termites或I found the termites killed.
3.3.2不及物動(dòng)詞變分詞作賓補(bǔ)，一律用現(xiàn)在分詞I keep John waiting.
4.分詞可作名詞用：可作形容詞用的分詞之前若有the則可當(dāng)做單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞使用。
The wounded were rushed to the hospital.=The wounded people were rushed to the hospital.
The unexpected has happen.=something (which) we didn't expect happened.
5.分詞可作副詞用：
5.1.少數(shù)現(xiàn)在分詞有副詞very的意味，可修飾其后的形容詞。
It's freezing/biting cold today.
The tea is boiling hot.
He was hopping mad on hearing dismissal.
We 're having a ripping good time.
5.2.過(guò)去分詞作副詞用：
An estimated 54people were killed in the air crash.=It is estimated that 54 people were killed in the air crash.
6.分詞結(jié)構(gòu)～動(dòng)詞變化：一句中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)存在，一定要有連詞相連；若無(wú)連詞，：
6.1.兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，則第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞一定要變成現(xiàn)在分詞，若該動(dòng)詞是be動(dòng)詞，變成being后省略。
He came home crying.
Hecame home being tired.
6.2.兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞表的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生有先后次序時(shí)，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞要變成不定式短語(yǔ)。
He came here to see me.
6.3若兩動(dòng)詞以逗號(hào)相隔而無(wú)連接時(shí)，無(wú)需考慮先后次序，第二動(dòng)詞一定變成現(xiàn)在分詞。
I left hom at six in the morning,arriving here about four in the afternoon.
He ran away quickly,looking as if something terrible had happened.
7.單句化簡(jiǎn)法：兩句在一起，無(wú)連詞相連時(shí)，往往第一個(gè)句子要化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)：
7.1.兩句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，化簡(jiǎn)的句子的主語(yǔ)要?jiǎng)h除；否則，保留。
7.2.動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞
7.3.be動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞being后可省略也可留下，以強(qiáng)調(diào)“因?yàn)椤敝狻?/p>
The sun setting,the cowboy rode back to the ranch.
Being sick of studying,he ran away from home.
注意：
①否定結(jié)構(gòu)not要置于分詞前。
②句中有助動(dòng)詞do,does,did時(shí)，可直接刪除。
③句中有完成時(shí)助動(dòng)詞have,has,had時(shí)，要變成現(xiàn)在分詞having。
④主語(yǔ)不同時(shí)，所形成的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，稱為分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即獨(dú)立修飾不同的主語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。
This being the case,you'd better be careful.
All things considered,I decided to major in business administration.其中all things considered原本為all things were bonsidered（所有情況都被考慮過(guò)了）be動(dòng)詞were變成being被省略了。
⑤有時(shí)也可以把第二個(gè)句子變成分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。
He was reading a book,and his wife was knitting beside him.→He was reading a book,his wife knitting beside him.
We will go picnicking tomorrow,if weather permits.→we will go picnicking tomorrow,weather permitting.
8.定語(yǔ)從句化簡(jiǎn)法：在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)。方法是：
8.1.先去掉關(guān)系代詞；再將關(guān)系代詞后的動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞being可省略。需要注意的是：只有當(dāng)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)為“關(guān)系代詞＋be+名詞”時(shí)，可化簡(jiǎn)為同位語(yǔ)；其它非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不能化簡(jiǎn)。
John,who is a good student of mine,studies hard.→John,a good student of mine,stidies hard.Not knowing how to deal with the problem,I consulted him.
As I entered the room,I found books scattered around.
He said goodbye to her,waving his hand.
He came into the room (being)barefooted.
9.狀語(yǔ)從句化簡(jiǎn)法：once,while,unless,when,though等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，若主語(yǔ)與從句中主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)可化簡(jiǎn)為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。其中once，if，unless引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)，多限于“主語(yǔ)+be+形容詞/分詞”其余幾詞不受此限。
If I'm free,I'll go with you.→If(being)free,I'll go with you.
Once I'm rich,I'll buy a car.→Once rich,I'll buy a car.
Though I have money,I don't buy a car→Though having money,I don't buy a car.
10.表身體組織的名詞可變成過(guò)去分詞當(dāng)形容詞用：
The girl has big eyes.→I like the big-eyed girl.
She has red hair.→Do you see the red-haired girl over there?
The one-legged soldier is a hero.
11.少數(shù)現(xiàn)在分詞可當(dāng)介詞用：including（包括）,excluding（除外）,considering（考慮）,regarding（關(guān)于）,concerning,（關(guān)于）
12.獨(dú)立分詞短語(yǔ)：有些獨(dú)立分詞短語(yǔ)有副詞作用，常置于句首，修飾整個(gè)句子。
Generally speaking,men are physically stronger than women.
Strictly speaking,he is not good enough.
Judging from his appearance,he seems to be rich.
Frankly speaking,he is not the man I want.
Talking of novels,have you read his works?
According to John,the fire broken out at ten in the morning.
Seeing that you have no time,I will have Peter replace you.
13.與役使動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的分詞短語(yǔ)：
I started the ball rolling（我給開(kāi)個(gè)頭）
The news set my heart throbbing.(這消息使我心悸不已）
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
I couldn't make myself understood.
He got a new suit made.
You should have it unsaid.
I like my eggs half boiled.
Ihad my watch stolen.
第三節(jié)動(dòng)名詞
1.動(dòng)名詞第一功能~作主語(yǔ)
Working with him is fun.
Seeing is believing.
Losing his fortune drove him mad.
Not knowing what to do was an embarrassment for him.
1.1.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)仍有動(dòng)詞的意味，若是及物動(dòng)詞，其后仍需加賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)即使為復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)仍視作單數(shù)，之后用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Helping others gives me great pleasure.
1.2.動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)也可用形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而將該動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)移至句尾變成不定式短語(yǔ)。
It gives me great leasure to help others.
要注意的是：只有在it is no use結(jié)構(gòu)中，真正的主語(yǔ)才用動(dòng)名詞。
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
It's no use reasoning with such a stubborn man.
2.動(dòng)名詞的第二功能～作be動(dòng)詞后的表語(yǔ)：
seingis believing.
His hobby is jogging.
注意：
①動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表一種經(jīng)歷或已知的事，而不定式作表語(yǔ)表一種意愿，是未完成的或未發(fā)生的事。
②有時(shí)be之后的V-ing可能是動(dòng)名詞也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞，由于動(dòng)名詞和主語(yǔ)都有名詞性質(zhì)，故有A is B=B is A，只需將主語(yǔ)和V-ing互換位置，如語(yǔ)意通順，該V-ing為動(dòng)名詞。
3.動(dòng)名詞的第三功能～作賓語(yǔ)：
He detests gambling.
Some people don't enjoy smoking.
I remember seeing him.
＊3.1.以下及物動(dòng)詞均用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：
Consider,contemplate,imagine,fancy,avoid,risk,escape,deny,admit,stop,quit,suggest,recommend,mind,remember,finish,practice
3.2.anticipate V-ing=expect to V期望……
I anticipate cooperating with him.=I expect to cooperate with him.
3.3.stop+V-ing=quit Ving=cease V-ing=cease toV停止從事……
He stoped/quited/ceased writing when he saw me.=Heceased to writing when he saw me.
3.4.stop +to V.停下原來(lái)的工作而去作……
He stoped to talk to mewhen he saw me.
3.5.allow,permit,forbid的用法：
He allowed/permitted smoking.
He forbade smoking.（動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)）
He forbade me to smoke.（不定式作賓補(bǔ)）
3.6.remember,forget,regret的用法：
3.6.1表過(guò)去已發(fā)生的事物時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞
Remember+動(dòng)名詞（記得曾……）
Forget+動(dòng)名詞（忘記曾）
Regret+動(dòng)名詞（后悔曾）
Iforgot mailing that letter.
I regret doung it.
3.6.2.表以后要做或未完成的事時(shí)，用不定式：remember to V（記得要……）
forget to V（忘記要……）
regret to V（遺憾要……）
I'll remember to see him tomorrow.
I forgot to mail the letter.
I regret to tell you the bad news.
3.7.下列動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)名詞和不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，意思相同：like,dislike,love,hate,begin,start,continue
4.動(dòng)名詞的第四功能～作介詞賓語(yǔ)：
His illness prevented us from starting our own business.
The book is worth reading.
注意：worth,worthy,worthwhile的區(qū)別如下：
①worth prep.“值得”，作為介詞置于be之后，可接動(dòng)名詞或名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
Thcar is worth a fortune.
The issue is worth paying attention to.
②worthy adj.“值得的”，（與of連用）
The issue is worthy of everyone's attention.
③Worthwhile adj.值得的，置于名詞前，也可置于It is 后，
That's a worthwhile book to read.
It is worthwhile to read that book=It pays to read that book.
5.動(dòng)名詞與所有格的關(guān)系：
5.1.that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)：①去掉that，②將that從句中主語(yǔ)變成所有格，③將that從句中動(dòng)詞變成動(dòng)名詞。
That he teaches well is something that pleases me.→His teaching well is something that pleases me.
That they helped John with the work won our great admiration.→Their helping John with the work won our great admiration.
5.2.that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作表認(rèn)知的及物動(dòng)詞（think believe,find feel）的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，化簡(jiǎn)為所有格分詞結(jié)構(gòu)
Ibelieve that he works hard.→I believe his working hard.
5.3.并非所有及物動(dòng)詞都可用that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)，如表喜歡、厭惡、在乎之意的及物動(dòng)詞（like,dislike,mind,enjoy等）要用所有格加動(dòng)名詞
I enjoyed John's joining us.
Would you mind my opening the window?
I don't like his smoking here.
5.4.that從句不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，要變成所有格加動(dòng)名詞。；但that從句中之主語(yǔ)是物非人時(shí)，則不用所有格，而直接將主語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)之后接現(xiàn)在分詞。
In spite of my helping him,he failed.
In spite of the sun shining,the air was very cold.
6.動(dòng)名詞也可與名詞連用形成復(fù)合名詞：
a Sleeping car
a dining room
a walking stick手杖
a laughing stock笑柄
a writing pad便簽紙
asewing machine縫紉機(jī)
a starting poit起點(diǎn)
a visiting card名片
drinking water飲用水
注意：若是動(dòng)名詞+名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞有“用來(lái)……”之意；若是現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞有“會(huì)……”或“正在……”之意。
7.“動(dòng)名詞+賓語(yǔ)”作主語(yǔ)的變化：
Writing letters is a trying job for me.=writing of letters is a tring job for me.
Shooting birds is forbidden here.=shooting of birds is forbidden here.
8.有些動(dòng)名詞也可作普通的可數(shù)名詞用：
As an old saying goes"Honesty is the best policy."
A knocking at the door was heard.
He has a good understanding of the problem.
Don't forget to take your belongs （恒用復(fù)數(shù)）with you.
9.常用動(dòng)名詞慣用語(yǔ)：
9.1there is no V-ing=It is impossible to V 不可能……
9.2.It is no use V-ing（……是無(wú)用的）
It is no use trying to escape.=It is of no use to try to escape.
9.3.cannot help/resist/refrain from V-ing忍不住……。
9.4.on V-ing（一……就……）
On hearing it,he cried.
第二章助動(dòng)詞及易用錯(cuò)誤的動(dòng)詞
第一節(jié)助動(dòng)詞
1.顧名思義，助動(dòng)詞就是一種幫助動(dòng)詞的詞類，helping verb或auxiliary，置于動(dòng)詞前面使動(dòng)詞表現(xiàn)出時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)，否定句或疑問(wèn)句等變化。
2.助動(dòng)詞的種類：be(am,is,are,was,were)have(hws,had)do(does,did)shall(should)will(would)can(could)may(might)must need ought to ,dare,used to
2.1.be動(dòng)詞
2.1.1.be動(dòng)詞原為不完全不及物動(dòng)詞，譯作“是”此時(shí)要用形容詞或名詞作表語(yǔ)。
He is handsome.
They are good students.
2.1.2be后可接現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞表進(jìn)行時(shí)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)be是助動(dòng)詞。
He is reading a book.他正在念書(shū)（進(jìn)行時(shí)）
He was elected chairman.他當(dāng)選主席（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
2.2.have（has/had）+p.p.已經(jīng)……
He has written the letter.
I had finished the task before he came.
2.3.do(does,did)do you see that?
Ididn't know what to do.
注意：①否定句若用not表否定，須與助動(dòng)詞do(does,did)連用形成否定句；
若動(dòng)詞前置not以外的否定副詞則不須與助動(dòng)詞do(did,does)連用。常見(jiàn)的否定副詞有：never,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,
②疑問(wèn)句:dDid you understand it?
③強(qiáng)勢(shì)語(yǔ)氣：即在肯定句的動(dòng)詞前按時(shí)態(tài)、人稱置入do(does,did)并將動(dòng)詞改為原形，此時(shí)do(di,does)譯作“的確”。
He worked hard.→He did work hard.
④否定倒裝句
Never did I know that he was so stupid.
⑤pro-verb代動(dòng)詞：此種助動(dòng)詞代替句中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞及其后的其它詞類。
Did you read this book?Yes,I did(=read this book)
I work as hard as he does(=works)
2.4.shall,will
2.4.1.表“將要”，之后接原形動(dòng)詞
2.4.2.傳統(tǒng)上I和you須用shall，we之后二者均可，現(xiàn)在多用will取代shall表單純的一般將來(lái)時(shí)；但在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中仍用shall取代will
①征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)時(shí)：
Shall I…?要不要我……?
Shall I open the door?
②請(qǐng)求對(duì)方合作時(shí):Shall we…?我們……好嗎？
Shall we go for a walk?
③命令對(duì)方時(shí)：You shall….=you must.你必須……。You shall obey the law.
在條約中尤其愛(ài)出現(xiàn)此類用法：
例：Article One:You(或one)shall wash your(或one's)hands after using the toilet.
④向?qū)Ψ奖ＷC某種承諾時(shí)：You shall…你一定會(huì)……。
You shall have the present.
2.5.should主要表一種義務(wù)，譯作“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，此時(shí)等于ought to.
One should be kind to others.
2.5.1在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中習(xí)慣上也用should，有其不同的意思。
①It is （natural/proper/right/advisable/desirable/no wonder） that…should…譯作“……會(huì)……”乃自然的/適當(dāng)?shù)?正當(dāng)?shù)?恰當(dāng)?shù)?較好的/無(wú)疑的
It is natural that he (should )get angry.（他會(huì)生氣是自然的。）
②It is (necessary/imperative/essential/important/urgent) that…should…譯作（……應(yīng)當(dāng)……是有必要的）本結(jié)構(gòu)中should?？墒÷员Ａ羝浜蟮脑蝿?dòng)詞。
It is important that he(should)finish the job before leaving.
It is imperative that he do the work now.（他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該趕緊作這事。）
③It is (surprising/amazing)that…should（居然）…譯作令人驚訝的是……居然……。
It is surprising that he should be so kind.（令人驚訝的是他居然這么和氣。）
④It is (a pity/a regret/regrettable)that …should…譯作令人遺憾的是……居然……。
It is a pity that he should be so rude.真遺憾他居然這么粗魯。
2.5.2.意志動(dòng)詞如表“建議”（propose,recommend,suggest)，要求（ask,demand,desire,require,request,insist)，命令（order,command)，規(guī)定（rule,regulate)等，之后若有that從句作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)從句也使用should，并且should 可省略。
He suggested that we (should)leave at once.
2.5.3.est表“以免”，為副詞連詞，所引導(dǎo)的從句也使用should，且should可省略。
He came early lest he (should) be late.=He came early for fear that he might be late.
2.5.4..if從句若表與將來(lái)情況相反時(shí)，應(yīng)用should，表“萬(wàn)一”之意。
If you should be late again,you will spoil the plan.
2.5.5.在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中，要用should代替shall。
I told him that I should be at home that evening.
2.5.6.should+have+p.p.
2.5.6.1.表與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，譯作“早應(yīng)該……”
If you had not helped me,I should have died.
2.5.6.2.表“居然已經(jīng)”，常出現(xiàn)在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：
It is surprising that he should have passed the examination.
It is a pity that he should have done such a stupid thing.
2.6.would
2.6.1.would是will的過(guò)去式，表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
He said that he would try again.
注意新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中，常出現(xiàn)will與一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞連用的現(xiàn)象。例如：
He said that he will visit the country sometime in july.他說(shuō)七月份要找時(shí)間造訪該國(guó)。本句暗示he said 雖是過(guò)去時(shí)，但he will visit…injuly則表示作者寫(xiě)本句時(shí)是七月之前，七月尚未到來(lái)，所以用will。對(duì)比下列兩段對(duì)話：
對(duì)話一
A:I saw john a few days ago.
B:what did he say?
A:He sai that he would call on you yesterday.
B:but he didn't show up yesterday.
對(duì)話二
A:I saw john a few days ago.
B:what did he say?
A:He said that he will call on you tomorrow.
B:I'll be expecting him then.
2.6.2.would+原形動(dòng)詞，表與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，（如果……）就會(huì)……
If I had money now,I would buy a car.(but I don't have money now.)
2.6.3would+have+p.p.表與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
If I had had money,I would have bought a car.(but I didn't have money then)
2.6.4.would rather+原形動(dòng)詞（寧愿……）
Iwould rather go than stay here.=I would sooner go than stay here.=I would as soon go as stay here.
2.6.5.aIwould rather＋（that）從句＝I wish+that從句多么希望……該句型屬虛擬語(yǔ)氣，若與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，that從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，若與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，則用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
I would rather that they were here.=I wish that they were here.
2.6.6would you mind+（V-ing/if從句）你介不介意……?
Would you mind doing it for me?
Would you mind if you do it for me?
Would you mind的語(yǔ)氣要比Do you mind客氣。且would you mind之后的 if從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)與助動(dòng)詞would配合，而do you mind之后的if從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與助動(dòng)詞do配合。
2.7.can和could:
2.7.1.can表“能力”=（be able to)譯作“能夠”。
He can cope with the problem.=He is able to cope with the problem.
2.7.2.表“可能性”，譯作“有可能”。
He can be wrong if he says so.
2.7.3.表“許可”，=may，譯作“可以”。
You can go home now.
2.7.4.在疑問(wèn)句或否定句中，表“可能性”，譯作“有可能”或“不可能”。
Can it be true?No,it can't be true.
2.7.5.表對(duì)過(guò)去事物的否定推論：
Can't have+p.p.譯作“不可能曾……”
He is so honest that he can't have stolen your money yesterday.
注意：can僅用以表過(guò)去事物的否定推論；表對(duì)過(guò)去事物的肯定推論有以下兩句型：
①must have+p.p.一定曾經(jīng)……；He looks nervous;he must have stolen your money.
②may have+p.p.可能曾經(jīng)……。He looks nervous;he may have stolen your money.
疑問(wèn)句中表對(duì)過(guò)去事物的推論要用Can+S.+have+p.p.譯作“有可能……嗎？”
Can he have stolen your money?
2.7.6.could為can的過(guò)去式，通常與另一個(gè)一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞連用，以表過(guò)去的狀況。
She could speak English well when she was ten.
2.7.7如同would一樣，could也可使用在問(wèn)句中，以表客氣的語(yǔ)氣。
Could/would you please do it for me?
2.7.8.could=was/were able to用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)中，表過(guò)去的能力。
When young,he could eat eight bowls of rice at a time.
2.7.9.can與not連用時(shí)，要寫(xiě)作can't或cannot，而不是can not。
但是could not或couldn't而非couldnot。
2.7.10.can的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)：
①I can but do so=I can only do so.我只能這么作。
②I cannot but laugh.=I cannot help but laugh=I cannot help laughing我忍不住大笑。
③we cannot be too careful in choosing friends.我們選朋友時(shí)再小心也不為過(guò)。
④I couldn'tcare less.我一點(diǎn)都不在乎。
⑤I couldn't sgree more.我同意極了。
2.8may,might:
2.8.1.may表“許可”，譯作“可以”
You may take whatever you like.
2.8.2.may表“推測(cè)”，譯作“可能”，此時(shí)等于can。
It may be true.
2.8.3.may not有兩種意思：①表“可能不會(huì)”It's getting late;he may not come.②表“不可以”="must not"
You may not cheat during exams.
2.8.4.might與另一個(gè)一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞連用，以表過(guò)去狀況。
He said:"you may go."
He said that I might go.
2.8.5.might+原形動(dòng)詞（也許會(huì)……）
Might+have+p.p.（當(dāng)時(shí)也許會(huì)……）
用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，分別表與現(xiàn)在及過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。
2.8.5.1與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，if從句中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
Ifhe tried hard,he might succeed.(but he doesn't try hard.)
2.8.5.2.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，if從句中動(dòng)詞使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
If he had tried hard,he might have succeeded.(but he didn't try hard.)
2.8.6may的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)：
①M(fèi)ay well+原形動(dòng)詞（大可/足可以……）
He knows so many thing that he may well be called genius.
②may as well+原形動(dòng)詞（不妨……）
You may as well stay home.你不妨留在家。
You had better stay home.（你最好呆在家。）
③may as well+原形動(dòng)詞+as+原形動(dòng)詞（與其……倒不如……）
=had better+原形動(dòng)詞＋than+原形動(dòng)詞
You may as well stay home as go out with them.
注意：may as well…as…（表較大的可能性），而might as well…as…（表可能性較?。?/p>
Youmught as well die as make friends with John.不與其和約翰交友倒不如去死算了。（真的去死的可能性很?。?/p>
2.9must
2.9.1.表“義務(wù)”，譯作“必須”。是一種義務(wù)上強(qiáng)制的必須；而have to表一種勉強(qiáng)的意味，譯作“不得不……”，“有必要……”
You must finish your work before leaving.
2.9.2.must只用于表現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的狀況；have to是全時(shí)態(tài)的。must not=may not（不可）；don't have to=need not（不必）you don't have to do it.
2.9.3must表對(duì)現(xiàn)在狀況的推論，一定……
It must be true.
2.9.4.must have+p.p.表對(duì)過(guò)去狀況的推論，一定曾經(jīng)……It must have rained last night.
2.10.ough to表“義務(wù)”，譯作“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等于should。
2.10.1ought to也可表“推論”，譯作“應(yīng)當(dāng)會(huì)”
Since he works hard,he ought to succeed.
2.10.2.ough to have+p.p.本應(yīng)會(huì)……（卻不如此）表與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，此時(shí)if從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
If he had worked hard,he ought to have been successful.
2.10.4.ought to have+p.p.也可表“推論至目前為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作”，常與“by now”連用，譯作：應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)……（可能如此）。
He ough to have arrived in New York by now.
2.11.need：
2.11.1.在肯定句中need為一般動(dòng)詞，同樣有人稱和時(shí)態(tài)變化，之后接不定式或名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
He needs to go.
The car needs to be cleaned=the car needs cleaning.
2.11.2.否定句中need與not連用，此時(shí)為助動(dòng)詞
He need not go.（need是助動(dòng)詞）
He doesn't need to go.（need是一般動(dòng)詞）
2.11.3.表過(guò)去狀況時(shí)：
①didn't need to+原形動(dòng)詞表：當(dāng)時(shí)不必（且也未如此做）
He didn't need to attend the party,so he stayed home.
②need not have+p.p.表：當(dāng)時(shí)不必……（卻做了）
He needn't have attended the party,but he went there just the same.（他本不必去，但是去了）
2.11.4.在疑問(wèn)句中need作助動(dòng)詞和一般動(dòng)詞均可。
Need he go?=Does he need to go?
2.11.5.need在反意疑問(wèn)句中的變化：
①一般動(dòng)詞He needs to go,doesn't he?（needs為一般動(dòng)詞）
He doesn't need to go,does he?
②助動(dòng)詞：
He need not go,need he?
2.12.dare可作助動(dòng)詞用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中。
Dare he go?他敢去嗎？
He dare not go.他不敢去。
2.12.2.How dare+一般陳述句。……怎敢……?
How dare you say such a thing to me?
2.12.3.在whether從句中dare可作助動(dòng)詞，
I wonder whether he dare do it.
2.12.4.在肯定句中dare是一般動(dòng)詞，隨時(shí)態(tài)和人稱變化，之后接不定式。
He dares to go.
I dared to go.
2.12.5.dare not+原形動(dòng)詞不敢……。
He dare not answer the phone.=He doesn't dare (to) answer the phone.
2.12.6.dare也可作及物動(dòng)詞，表“向某人挑戰(zhàn)”之意。
He dared me to jump the stream.
2.12.7.I daresay+that從句：我敢說(shuō)……
I daresay he will be late again.
2.13.used to：
2.13.1.used to視為助動(dòng)詞，之后接原形動(dòng)詞，表過(guò)去曾經(jīng)……
He used to live here.
2.13.2.ysed to在疑問(wèn)句中的用法：
There used to be a pond in this garden.→Used there to be a pond in this garden?
注意當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為人時(shí)，
He used to work hard.→Did he use to work hard?
2.13.3.在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中used to非助動(dòng)詞而是一般動(dòng)詞use的過(guò)去分詞：
①人+be used to(名詞/動(dòng)名詞）某人習(xí)慣于……在此結(jié)構(gòu)中used是形容詞“習(xí)慣的”相當(dāng)于accustomed，之后的to是介詞，譯作“對(duì)于”
He is used to working alone.
He hasn't( been/got)used to city life yet.
②物＋be used to+原形動(dòng)詞（被用來(lái)……），在此結(jié)構(gòu)中used是過(guò)去分詞，to為不定式。
The book can be used to teach us English writting.
③物+be used as…（被當(dāng)作……來(lái)用）
The knife was used as a weapon
第二節(jié)易用錯(cuò)的動(dòng)詞
1.lay:vt.放置；生產(chǎn)（其后加賓語(yǔ)），動(dòng)詞變化：lay,laid,laid,laying可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be laid。
He lays a book on the desk.
A book has been laid on the desk.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
1.1lie:vi.躺（不加賓語(yǔ)）詞型變化為：lie,lay,lain,laying。不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，
He lay on the bed a while ago.他剛才躺在床上。
1.2.lie.vi.說(shuō)謊（不加賓語(yǔ)）詞型變化：lie,lied,lied,lying
Don't lie to me.
He lied to me.
2.sit,set,seat:
2.1sit vi.坐（不加賓語(yǔ)）詞型變化為：sit,sat,sitting
He came in and sit down.
2.2.seat vt.使就坐（其后加賓語(yǔ)）及物動(dòng)詞，若無(wú)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，詞性變化：seat,seated,seated,seating。
John was seateated by the window,lookiking out at passersby.=John sat by the window,looking out at passers by.
May I seat you here?可以安排你坐這里嗎？（表就座）
2.3.set vt.安置表“擺設(shè)”set,set,set,setting
He set the table for dinner.
3.raise,rise,arouse:
rise vi.起床，升起（其后不加賓語(yǔ)）
詞型變化：rise,rose,risen,rising.
raise vt.舉起，飼養(yǎng)
詞型變化：raise,raised,raised,raising
arise vi.起因于（與from連用）
詞型變化：arise,arose,arisen,arising。
arouse vt.激起
詞型變化：arouse,aroused,aroused,arousing。
He rose at seven every morning.
The sun rises in the east.
Accidents arise from care lessnes.
Raise your hand,if you have any wuestions.
Many cattle are raised on his farm.
His bitter words aroused my anger.
4.hang:
①hang：掛 vi.&vt.詞型變化hang,hung,hung,hanging。
②hang:吊死vt.詞型變化hang,hanged,hanged,hanging。
The picture hangs on the wall.
The picture is hung on the wall.
They hsnged themurder yesterday.
5.fly,flow:
Fly: vi.飛，詞型變化fly,flew,flown,flying。
The airplane flew high in the sky.
Flow:vi.流，詞型變化flow,flowed,flowed,flowing。
This is the place from which the river flows.
The bird flew all the way here fromCanada.
6.take,bring:
Take（從此出處）拿走詞型變化take,took,taken,taking
Bring（從別處）拿來(lái)詞型變化bring,brought,brought,bringing
例：Take the book to the library,please.
Bring them back here.
Take it with you when you go there.
Bring it with you when you come here.
7.refuse:拒絕v.接名詞，代詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，不能接動(dòng)名詞。
①refuse+名詞
He refused my suggestion.
②refuse to+原形動(dòng)詞
He refused to go with me.
注意reject（排斥）與refuse相近，卻接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
He rejected working with Marybecause he thought she was too selfish.
Refuse不能接that從句。
He denied that he ha done it.=He refused to admit that he had done it.
8.spend:
人+spend+時(shí)間（或金錢）＋動(dòng)名詞/on+名詞。
I spend all my income on books=I spend all my income buying books.
9.take,cost:
It takes (sb.)+時(shí)間＋to V.
It costs(sb.)+金錢＋to V.
It takes(one) two hours to go from here toParis.
It cost(me) fifteen dollars to buy the book.
10.answer,reply to:
He failed to answer her question.=He failed to reply to her question.
注意：answer可接that從句作賓語(yǔ)，而reply to不能接that從句作賓語(yǔ)，須刪除介詞to才能接that從句。
When asked if he would buy a car,John answered that he had no money.=When asked if he would buy acar,aJohn replied that he had no money.約翰被問(wèn)到是否會(huì)買車，他回答沒(méi)錢。
11.reach,get to,arrive in/at:
reach+賓語(yǔ)（到達(dá)……）＝arrive in/at（到達(dá)大地方/小地方）
等于get to+賓語(yǔ)
注意：①arrive in大地方（指城市、國(guó)家、地區(qū)等），arrive at小地方（指建筑物，如車站，郵局等）。
By the time I arrived at the station,the train had gone.
②與here.there,home等副詞連用時(shí)，一律不加介詞。
Igot/arrived/reched there at 12.
12.動(dòng)詞+介副詞＋賓語(yǔ)＝動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)+介副詞
We have to carry out the mission.=we have to carry the mission out.
注意：代詞只能在動(dòng)詞和介副詞中間。
We have to carry it out.
****此類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語(yǔ)如下：
bring up 撫養(yǎng) figure out 想出
Call down 斥責(zé) give up 放棄
Call off 取消 put out 熄滅
Cross out 刪去 take off 脫掉（衣服等）
Do over 重做 take over 接管
Talk over 商討 pick up 拾起
Think over 考慮 put off 延期
Think up 設(shè)計(jì) put on 穿上（衣服等）
Try on 試穿 （衣服等）try out試驗(yàn)（機(jī)器、想法等）
Hand in 交出 turn down拒絕
Look over 檢查 turn in 交出
Look up查詢（生詞、電話號(hào)碼等）turn off關(guān)上
Make out 了解 turn on 打開(kāi)（開(kāi)關(guān)等）
Pick out 挑選
13.動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語(yǔ)
I callon him yesterday.
結(jié)構(gòu)類似的短語(yǔ)：
Call for 要求 ?go over復(fù)習(xí)
Come across=run into=meet…by chance偶遇
Look sfter照顧 look for尋找
Get over=recover from復(fù)原
Look into調(diào)查 get through 做完
Take after像
14.動(dòng)詞+介詞＋名詞（代詞）的重要短語(yǔ)：
14.1.agree on…就（條約等）達(dá)成協(xié)議。
We finally agreed on the contract.=we reached an agreement on the contract.
14.2.agree to+事物（同意某事）
I agree to his coming here.
14.3agree with+sb.（同意某人）
I agreed him on this point.
14.4.consist of…包括……
This class consists of 10students.=this class is composted of 10students.=this class is made up of 10 students.
14.5.argue with sb.與某人爭(zhēng)論
argue over sth.爭(zhēng)論某事
approve of sth.贊同某事
complain about/of抱怨……
concent to同意
care for喜歡comment on評(píng)論
count on=depend on=rely on依賴
laugh at取笑
Hear from有…某人的的音訊，接到某人的來(lái)信
15.動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)+介詞＋賓語(yǔ)的重要短語(yǔ)：
Add …to…
Add this number to that number.
Blame…for…
He blamed me for the fault.
Congratulate… on…
I congratulated him on his success.
He explained it to me.
He won't excuse me for being rude.
16.重要的三詞及多詞短語(yǔ)：
He fell in love with she.
He willget in touch with her when he got to New York.
He has made up his mind to study hard.=he has decided to study hard.
Take charge of=be in charge of負(fù)責(zé)
Take care of=look after照顧
Have coplete access to有完全使用權(quán)
Students have complete access to books in the libary.學(xué)生們可以任意使用圖書(shū)館的書(shū)。
I look forward to seeing you soon.我期盼很快能見(jiàn)到你。
17.prefer的用法：
17.1.prefer+名詞/動(dòng)名詞+to+名詞/動(dòng)名詞
I prefer going to the movies to watching TV.我喜歡看電影勝過(guò)看電視。
17.2.prefer to+原形動(dòng)詞+（instead of+動(dòng)名詞）/rather than +原形動(dòng)詞
I prefer to go to the movies instead of watching TV.=I prefer to go to the movied rather than watch TV.
18.mind的用法：
Mind+if從句=mind+動(dòng)名詞
Would you mind if I opened the door?=would you mind my opening the door?
19.動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)~下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞不能接不定式：
Admit 承認(rèn) mention 提到
Avoid 避免 pardon 原諒
Appreciate 感激 miss 想念
Consider 考慮 ?practise＝practice練習(xí)
Delay 延期 ? ?quit 停止
Mind 介意 risk冒險(xiǎn)
Deny 否認(rèn) postpone 推遲
Detest 憎恨 resent 憤恨
Enjoy 喜歡 regret 后悔
Escape逃避 keep 保持
Excuse 原諒 forgive 原諒
Finish 結(jié)束 imagine 想象
20.prevent sb. from V-ing阻止某人從事……
The heavy rain prevented me getting to work on time.
注意：以下動(dòng)詞與prevent結(jié)構(gòu)相同：
Ban,prohibit,bar,stop,keep,save,restrain
特：forbid也表禁止不同的是不與from連用，而是forbid sb.to +V.
I forbid him to smoke here.
21.encourage sb.toV.鼓勵(lì)某人從事……
Discourage sb. from V-ing使某人不敢從事……。
22.persuade sb. to aV勸某人去……
Persuade sb.from V-ing勸阻某人……
23.resemble sb./sth.像……
You resemble your brother.=you bear a close resemblance to your brother.=you look like your brother.
24.decide、determine:
24.1.decide表“決定”，作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可接不定式和名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)，
I've decided to take a trip to Tokyo this summer.
I have ddecided on him as ?representative of our company.
We decided against John'sidea,thinking that it was not feasible.
24.2.determine①表“判定=judge”表“決定=decide”可用名詞性從句或名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
②過(guò)去分詞determined作形容詞用，表“下定決心的”be determined to V決心要……。
I'm determined to go on with the project even if I may run into many set backs.（即便可能會(huì)遇到許多挫折，我決心繼續(xù)該項(xiàng)目）
25.afford:表“有能力買”、“有能力從事……”一定要與can或cannot連用，afford接不定式或名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
Ican afford the car.=i can afford to buy the car.
26.wait&await
26.1.wait表“等候”vi.與for連用；但wait也可作及物動(dòng)詞用于下列短語(yǔ)中：
Wait one's turn等候某人的機(jī)會(huì)
I'mwaiting my turn to take revenge.
26.2.await表“等候……”為及物動(dòng)詞，后接表事物的名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
Await sth=wait for sth
27.succeed&fail:
27.1succeed可作不及物動(dòng)詞，表“成功”，與介詞in連用方。
He succeeded inbusiness after years of hard work.
How many of you have succeed in passing the test?
27.2.succeed也可作及物動(dòng)詞表“繼承”，以人作賓語(yǔ)。
He succeeded his father as president of this company.
27.3.fail作不及物動(dòng)詞，表“失敗”，后接不定式作副詞修飾fail。
He fail to pass the test.
27.4.fail也可作及物動(dòng)詞，表“未通過(guò)考試”、“辜負(fù)某人”、“使某人不及格”
The teacher failed one-third students.
You are the only person i trust don'tfail me.
28.depend&depend on:
Depend不加賓語(yǔ)，表“依情形而定”；depend on加賓語(yǔ)，表“依賴……”
I depend on him to give me sdvice.
29.感官動(dòng)詞：Look /sound/smell/tast/feel其后只能接形容詞，若要接名詞，必須加like:
He looks happy.
He looks like a happy man.
30.意圖動(dòng)詞的用法：表“設(shè)法”、“企圖”的接不定式try to do/attempt to do/manage to do/endeavor to do。
I'll endeavor to save our company from going bankrupt.
31.anger&angry:
Anger是及物動(dòng)詞，表“使某人生氣”
Angry是形容詞表“生氣的”，有如下用法：
Be sngry with+人 生某人的氣
Be Angry at+物 ?氣某物
He angered me=I was angered by him.=I was angry with him.
32.授予動(dòng)詞：授予動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，三種句型，意思完全相同。
①主語(yǔ)+授予動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)（人）+直接賓語(yǔ)（物）I asked him a question.
②主語(yǔ)+授予動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)（物）+（to/for/of）+間接賓語(yǔ)（人）
I asked a question of him.
*a*ask/expect/require/demand用介詞of;
*b*make /do/ leave/ buy用介詞for;
Iplayed a joke on him.
③被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):人+be+授予動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞＋賓語(yǔ)he was given a book(by me)
33.知覺(jué)動(dòng)詞：分三類，“看”，“聽(tīng)”，“感覺(jué)”，加賓語(yǔ)后再接原形動(dòng)詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，用原形動(dòng)詞表強(qiáng)調(diào)“已發(fā)生的事實(shí)”；用現(xiàn)在分詞表“正在……”
33.1.看：look at/see/watch/notice/behold
Isaw him cry.
I saw him crying.
33.2.聽(tīng)：listen to /hear
Iheard him talk.
I heard him talking.
33.3.感覺(jué)feel
Ifelt him leave.
Ifelt him leaving.
34.remember&forget®ret接不定式作賓語(yǔ)表未發(fā)生的，要……；接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)，表已經(jīng)發(fā)生的，曾……。
I'll remember to see him.
II remember seeing him before.
Iforgot to see him.
Iforgot seeing him before.
