Part One Two Systems

1. The Characters of the Story

作者給出了兩個體系的定義：

System 1 operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control.

System 2 allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it, including complex computations. The operations of System 2 are often associated with the subjective experience of agency, choice, and concentration.

System 2 最大的特點是運行起來需要耗費很大的精力，但是它又很懶惰不愿意多費事。

2. Attention and Effort

作者提出了一個概念叫做 mental effort，它是有一定限度的，因此存在注意力的分配。

3. The Lazy Controller

Mental work consists of two parts: self-control and cognitive effort. And studies show that people who are simultaneously challenged by a demanding cognitive task and by a temptation are more likely to yield to the temptation.

ego depletion: If you have had to force yourself to do something, you are less willing or less able to exert self-control when the next challenge comes around.

The lazy System 2:?

One of the main functions of System 2 is to monitor and control thoughts and actions "suggested" by System 1, allowing some to be expressed directly in behavior and suppressing or modifying others.?

問題1：How closely does System 2 monitor the suggestions of System 1? (the bat-and-ball problem)

解釋：許多人過于自信，過分相信直覺。他們認為動用認知精力是不舒服的，于是盡量避免運用 System 2，而是簡單相信 System 1 的直覺性判斷。

問題2：What makes some people more susceptible than others to biases of judgement?

有兩種解釋：1. 跟智力（intelligence）有關，有些人擅長腦力活動，能更好地進行慢思考和費力的運算。2. 與理智（rationality）有關，高智商不能讓人避免偏見，"Rationality should be distinguished from intelligence." 懶得運用?System 2 是缺乏理智的表現(xiàn)。