logging 簡(jiǎn)介

本次代碼使用的是 python 3.8.5 的版本，官方中文文檔 3.8.8 。參考鏈接中官方中文文檔非常詳細(xì)，建議先看一遍了解日志使用。

我們主要研究日志如何輸出到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)窗口這一主線；日志的配置，日志的線程安全及各種特別的Handler等支線可以先忽略。

logging API 設(shè)計(jì)

先看看日志使用：

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(levelname)-8s %(name)-10s %(asctime)s %(message)s')
lang = {"name": "python", "age":20}
logging.info('This is a info message %s', lang)
logging.debug('This is a debug message')
logging.warning('This is a warning message')

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.warning('This is a warning')

輸出內(nèi)容如下:

INFO     root       2021-03-04 00:03:53,473 This is a info message {'name': 'python', 'age': 20}
WARNING  root       2021-03-04 00:03:53,473 This is a warning message
WARNING  __main__   2021-03-04 00:03:53,473 This is a warning

可以看到 logging 的使用非常方便，模塊直接提供了一組API。

root = RootLogger(WARNING)  # 默認(rèn)提供的logger
Logger.root = root
Logger.manager = Manager(Logger.root)

def debug(msg, *args, **kwargs): # info，warning等api類似
    if len(root.handlers) == 0:
        basicConfig()  # 默認(rèn)配置
    root.debug(msg, *args, **kwargs)

def getLogger(name=None):
    if name:
        return Logger.manager.getLogger(name)  # 創(chuàng)建特定的logger
    else:
        return root  # 返回默認(rèn)的logger

這種API的提供方式，我們?cè)?strong>requests中也有看到。api中很重要的設(shè)置config的方式:

def basicConfig(**kwargs):
    ...
    if handlers is None:
        filename = kwargs.pop("filename", None)
        mode = kwargs.pop("filemode", 'a')
        if filename:
            h = FileHandler(filename, mode)
        else:
            stream = kwargs.pop("stream", None)
            h = StreamHandler(stream)  # 默認(rèn)的handler
        handlers = [h]
    dfs = kwargs.pop("datefmt", None)
    style = kwargs.pop("style", '%')
    fs = kwargs.pop("format", _STYLES[style][1])
    fmt = Formatter(fs, dfs, style)  # 生成formatter
    for h in handlers:
        if h.formatter is None:
            h.setFormatter(fmt)
        root.addHandler(h)  # 設(shè)置root的handler
    level = kwargs.pop("level", None)
    if level is not None:
        root.setLevel(level)  # 設(shè)置日志級(jí)別

可以看到，日志的配置主要包括下面幾項(xiàng):

• level 日志級(jí)別
• format 信息格式化模版
• filename 輸出到文件
• datefmt %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,uuu 時(shí)間的格式模版
• style [%,{,$] 格式樣板

演示代碼輸出中，可以看到debug日志沒有顯示，是因?yàn)?debug < info:

CRITICAL = 50
FATAL = CRITICAL
ERROR = 40
WARNING = 30
WARN = WARNING
INFO = 20
DEBUG = 10
NOTSET = 0

記錄器對(duì)象 Logger

查看Logger之前，先看logger對(duì)象的管理類Manager

_loggerClass = Logger

class Manager(object):
    def __init__(self, rootnode):
        self.root = rootnode
        self.disable = 0
        self.loggerDict = {}  # 所有日志記錄對(duì)象的字典
    ...
    def getLogger(self, name):
        rv = None
        if name in self.loggerDict:
            rv = self.loggerDict[name]  # 獲取已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建過的同名logger
            ...
        else:
            rv = (self.loggerClass or _loggerClass)(name)  # 創(chuàng)建新的logger
            rv.manager = self
            self.loggerDict[name] = rv
            ...
        return rv

日志過濾器

class Filterer(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.filters = []

    def addFilter(self, filter):
        self.filters.append(filter)

    def removeFilter(self, filter):
        self.filters.remove(filter)

    def filter(self, record):
        rv = True
        for f in self.filters:  # 過濾日志
            if hasattr(f, 'filter'):
                result = f.filter(record)
            else:
                result = f(record) # assume callable - will raise if not
            if not result:
                rv = False
                break
        return r

核心的 Logger 實(shí)際上只是一個(gè)控制中心：

class Logger(Filterer):  # logger可以過濾日志
    def __init__(self, name, level=NOTSET):
        Filterer.__init__(self)
        self.name = name
        self.level = _checkLevel(level)
        self.parent = None  # 日志可以有層級(jí)
        self.propagate = True
        self.handlers = []  # 可以輸出到多個(gè)handler
        self.disabled = False  # 可以關(guān)閉
        self._cache = {}

    def debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):  # 輸出debug日志
        if self.isEnabledFor(DEBUG):
            self._log(DEBUG, msg, args, **kwargs)

logger可以判斷日志級(jí)別:

def isEnabledFor(self, level):
    if self.disabled:
        return False

    try:
        return self._cache[level]
    except KeyError:
        try:
            if self.manager.disable >= level:
                is_enabled = self._cache[level] = False
            else:
                is_enabled = self._cache[level] = (
                    level >= self.getEffectiveLevel()
                )
        return is_enabled

def getEffectiveLevel(self):
    logger = self
    while logger:
        if logger.level:
            return logger.level
        logger = logger.parent
    return NOTSET

日志輸出:

def _log(self, level, msg, args, exc_info=None, extra=None, stack_info=False,
         stacklevel=1):
    ...
    fn, lno, func = "(unknown file)", 0, "(unknown function)"
    ...
    # 生成日志記錄
    record = self.makeRecord(self.name, level, fn, lno, msg, args,
                             exc_info, func, extra, sinfo)
    # 使用handler處理日志
    self.handle(record)

日志記錄的生產(chǎn)，就是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)LogRecord對(duì)象:

_logRecordFactory = LogRecord

def makeRecord(self, name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info,
               func=None, extra=None, sinfo=None):
    ...
    rv = _logRecordFactory(name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info, func,
                         sinfo)
    ...
    return rv

使用logger對(duì)象的所有handler處理日志：

def handle(self, record):
    c = self
    found = 0
    while c:
        for hdlr in c.handlers:  # 使用所有的handler處理日志
            found = found + 1
            if record.levelno >= hdlr.level:
                hdlr.handle(record)

root-logger 的handler是在config中配置的:

def basicConfig(**kwargs):
    ...
    root.addHandler(h)  # 設(shè)置root的handler

日志記錄對(duì)象 LogRecord

日志記錄對(duì)象非常簡(jiǎn)單:

class LogRecord(object):
    def __init__(self, name, level, pathname, lineno,
                 msg, args, exc_info, func=None, sinfo=None, **kwargs):
        ct = time.time()
        self.name = name  # logger名稱
        self.msg = msg  # 日志標(biāo)識(shí)信息
        ...
        self.args = args  # 變量
        self.levelname = getLevelName(level)
        ...

    def getMessage(self):
        msg = str(self.msg)
        if self.args:
            msg = msg % self.args  # 格式化消息
        return msg

處理器對(duì)象 Hander

頂級(jí)Handler定義了Handler的模版方法

class Handler(Filterer):  # 處理器也可以過濾日志
    def __init__(self, level=NOTSET):
        Filterer.__init__(self)
        self._name = None
        self.level = _checkLevel(level)  # handler也有日志級(jí)別
        self.formatter = None
        _addHandlerRef(self)
        self.createLock()

    def handle(self, record):  # 處理日志
        rv = self.filter(record)  # 過濾日志
        if rv:
            self.acquire()  # 申請(qǐng)鎖
            try:
                self.emit(record)  # 提交記錄，由不同子類實(shí)現(xiàn) 
            finally:
                self.release()  # 釋放鎖
        return rv

默認(rèn)的console流 StreamHandler

class StreamHandler(Handler):

    terminator = '\n'  # 自動(dòng)換行

    def __init__(self, stream=None):
        Handler.__init__(self)
        if stream is None:
            stream = sys.stderr  # 默認(rèn)使用stderr輸出
        self.stream = stream

    def emit(self, record):
        try:
            msg = self.format(record)  # 格式化日志記錄
            stream = self.stream
            stream.write(msg + self.terminator)  # 寫日志
            self.flush()  # 刷新寫緩存
        except Exception:
            ...

    def format(self, record):
        if self.formatter:
            fmt = self.formatter
        else:
            fmt = _defaultFormatter
        return fmt.format(record)  # 使用格式化器格式化日志記錄

為什么使用stderr，可以看下面的測(cè)試中的輸出都是到console:

print("haha")
print("fatal error", file=sys.stderr)
sys.stderr.write("fatal error\n")

格式器對(duì)象 Formatter

格式化器主要使用Formatter和Style實(shí)現(xiàn)

class Formatter(object):
    def __init__(self, fmt=None, datefmt=None, style='%', validate=True):
        self._style = _STYLES[style][0](fmt)
        self._fmt = self._style._fmt
        self.datefmt = datefmt

    def format(self, record):
        record.message = record.getMessage()
        s = self.formatMessage(record)
        return s

    def formatMessage(self, record):
        return self._style.format(record)  # 格式化

Style類

class PercentStyle(object):

    default_format = '%(message)s'
    asctime_format = '%(asctime)s'
    asctime_search = '%(asctime)'
    validation_pattern = re.compile(r'%\(\w+\)[#0+ -]*(\*|\d+)?(\.(\*|\d+))?[diouxefgcrsa%]', re.I)

    def __init__(self, fmt):
        self._fmt = fmt or self.default_format

    def usesTime(self):
        return self._fmt.find(self.asctime_search) >= 0

    def validate(self):
        """Validate the input format, ensure it matches the correct style"""
        if not self.validation_pattern.search(self._fmt):
            raise ValueError("Invalid format '%s' for '%s' style" % (self._fmt, self.default_format[0]))

    def _format(self, record):
        return self._fmt % record.__dict__  # 格式化日志記錄對(duì)象

    def format(self, record):
        try:
            return self._format(record)
        except KeyError as e:
            raise ValueError('Formatting field not found in record: %s' % e)

滾動(dòng)日志文件處理器

線上的日志持續(xù)輸出到一個(gè)文件的話，會(huì)讓文件巨大，即有加劇了丟失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，也難以處理。通常有按照大小滾動(dòng)或者按照日期滾動(dòng)的方法，這個(gè)功能非常重要。先看滾動(dòng)日志處理器模版:

class BaseRotatingHandler(logging.FileHandler):
    def emit(self, record):
        try:
            if self.shouldRollover(record): # 判斷是否需要滾動(dòng)
                self.doRollover()  # 滾動(dòng)日志
            logging.FileHandler.emit(self, record)  # 輸出日志
        except Exception:
            self.handleError(record)

    def rotate(self, source, dest):
        if not callable(self.rotator):
            if os.path.exists(source):
                os.rename(source, dest)  # 重命名日志文件
        else:
            self.rotator(source, dest)

按大小滾動(dòng) RotatingFileHandler

按照文件大小滾動(dòng)的處理器:

class RotatingFileHandler(BaseRotatingHandler):

    def __init__(self, filename, mode='a', maxBytes=0, backupCount=0, encoding=None, delay=False):
        if maxBytes > 0:
            mode = 'a'
        BaseRotatingHandler.__init__(self, filename, mode, encoding, delay)
        self.maxBytes = maxBytes  # 單個(gè)文件大小上限
        self.backupCount = backupCount  # 日志備份數(shù)量

    def doRollover(self):  # 執(zhí)行滾動(dòng)
        if self.stream:
            self.stream.close()  # 關(guān)閉當(dāng)前的流
            self.stream = None
        if self.backupCount > 0:
            for i in range(self.backupCount - 1, 0, -1):
                sfn = self.rotation_filename("%s.%d" % (self.baseFilename, i))
                dfn = self.rotation_filename("%s.%d" % (self.baseFilename,
                                                        i + 1))
                if os.path.exists(sfn):
                    if os.path.exists(dfn):
                        os.remove(dfn)
                    os.rename(sfn, dfn)
            dfn = self.rotation_filename(self.baseFilename + ".1")
            if os.path.exists(dfn):
                os.remove(dfn)
            self.rotate(self.baseFilename, dfn)  # 重命名文件
        if not self.delay:
            self.stream = self._open()  # 如果shouldRollover延遲，可以打開新的流

    def shouldRollover(self, record):  # 判斷是否需要滾動(dòng)
        if self.stream is None:  # 立即打開流
            self.stream = self._open()
        if self.maxBytes > 0:   
            msg = "%s\n" % self.format(record)
            self.stream.seek(0, 2)  #due to non-posix-compliant Windows feature
            if self.stream.tell() + len(msg) >= self.maxBytes:  # 判斷大小
                return 1
        return 0

文件大小滾動(dòng)就是在記錄日志時(shí)候判斷文檔是否超過上限，超過則重命名舊日志，生成新日志。

按照日期滾動(dòng) TimedRotatingFileHandler

按照日期滾動(dòng)的處理器:

class TimedRotatingFileHandler(BaseRotatingHandler):
    def __init__(self, filename, when='h', interval=1, backupCount=0, encoding=None, delay=False, utc=False, atTime=None):
        BaseRotatingHandler.__init__(self, filename, 'a', encoding, delay)
        self.when = when.upper()
        self.backupCount = backupCount
        self.utc = utc
        self.atTime = atTime
        # 日期設(shè)置,支持多種方式
        if self.when == 'S':
            self.interval = 1 # one second
            self.suffix = "%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S"
            self.extMatch = r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}_\d{2}-\d{2}-\d{2}(\.\w+)?$"
        ...

        self.extMatch = re.compile(self.extMatch, re.ASCII)
        self.interval = self.interval * interval # multiply by units requested
        filename = self.baseFilename
        if os.path.exists(filename):
            t = os.stat(filename)[ST_MTIME]  # 最后修改時(shí)間
        else:
            t = int(time.time())
        self.rolloverAt = self.computeRollover(t)  # 提前計(jì)算終止時(shí)間

    def computeRollover(self, currentTime):
        # 判斷的方法還是很長(zhǎng)很復(fù)雜的，先pass

    def shouldRollover(self, record):
        t = int(time.time())
        if t >= self.rolloverAt:  # 判斷是否到期
            return 1
        return 0

    def doRollover(self):
        ...
        dfn = self.rotation_filename(self.baseFilename + "." +
                                     time.strftime(self.suffix, timeTuple))
        #  滾動(dòng)日志文件
        if os.path.exists(dfn):
            os.remove(dfn)
        self.rotate(self.baseFilename, dfn)
        if self.backupCount > 0:
            for s in self.getFilesToDelete():
                os.remove(s)
        ...
        # 計(jì)算下一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)
        newRolloverAt = self.computeRollover(currentTime)
        ...
        self.rolloverAt = newRolloverAt

日期滾動(dòng)就是計(jì)算最后時(shí)間點(diǎn)，超過時(shí)間點(diǎn)則重新生成新的日志文件。

小結(jié)

logging的處理邏輯大概是這樣的:

• 創(chuàng)建Logger對(duì)象，提供API，用來接收應(yīng)用程序日志
• Logger對(duì)象包括多個(gè)Handler
• 每個(gè)Handler有一個(gè)Formatter對(duì)象
• 每條日志都會(huì)生成一個(gè)LogRecord對(duì)象
• 使用不同的Handler對(duì)象將LogRecored對(duì)象提交到不同的流
• 每個(gè)日志對(duì)象通過Formatter格式化輸出
• 可以使用按日期/文件大小的方式進(jìn)行日志文件的滾動(dòng)記錄

小技巧

覆蓋對(duì)象的 reduce 方法，讓對(duì)象支持reduce函數(shù):

class RootLogger(Logger):
    def __init__(self, level):
        Logger.__init__(self, "root", level)

    def __reduce__(self):
        return getLogger, ()

線程鎖的創(chuàng)建和釋放:

_lock = threading.RLock()

def _acquireLock():
    if _lock:
        _lock.acquire()

def _releaseLock():
    if _lock:
        _lock.release()

線程鎖的使用:

def addHandler(self, hdlr):
    _acquireLock()
    try:
        self.handlers.append(hdlr)
    finally:
        _releaseLock()

def removeHandler(self, hdlr):
    _acquireLock()
    try:
        self.handlers.remove(hdlr)
    finally:
        _releaseLock()