SpringBoot——核心原理入門

Spring Boot 概述

Build Anything with Spring Boot:**Spring Boot is the starting point for building all Spring-based applications. Spring Boot is designed to get you up and running as quickly as possible, with minimal upfront configuration of Spring.

上面是引自官網(wǎng)的一段話,大概是說(shuō): Spring Boot 是所有基于 Spring 開(kāi)發(fā)的項(xiàng)目的起點(diǎn)。Spring Boot 的設(shè)計(jì)是為了讓你盡可能快的跑起來(lái) Spring 應(yīng)用程序并且盡可能減少你的配置文件。

什么是 Spring Boot

  • 它使用 “習(xí)慣優(yōu)于配置” (項(xiàng)目中存在大量的配置,此外還內(nèi)置一個(gè)習(xí)慣性的配置,讓你無(wú)須手動(dòng)配置)的理念讓你的項(xiàng)目快速運(yùn)行起來(lái)。
  • 它并不是什么新的框架,而是默認(rèn)配置了很多框架的使用方式,就像 Maven 整合了所有的 jar 包一樣,Spring Boot 整合了所有框架

使用 Spring Boot 有什么好處

回顧我們之前的 SSM 項(xiàng)目,搭建過(guò)程還是比較繁瑣的,需要:

  • 1、配置 web.xml,加載 spring 和 spring mvc
  • 2、配置數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接、配置日志文件
  • 3、配置家在配置文件的讀取,開(kāi)啟注解
  • 4、配置mapper文件

而使用 Spring Boot 來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目則只需要非常少的幾個(gè)配置就可以搭建起來(lái)一個(gè) Web 項(xiàng)目,并且利用 IDEA 可以自動(dòng)生成生成

  • 劃重點(diǎn):簡(jiǎn)單、快速、方便地搭建項(xiàng)目;對(duì)主流開(kāi)發(fā)框架的無(wú)配置集成;極大提高了開(kāi)發(fā)、部署效率。

spring boot工程需要導(dǎo)入依賴spring boot相關(guān)的依賴

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.1.10.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.yibo</groupId>
    <artifactId>springboot-source-code</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

編寫主程序

/**
 * @SpringBootApplication來(lái)標(biāo)注一個(gè)主程序類,說(shuō)明這是一個(gè)SpringBoot應(yīng)用
 */
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //Spring應(yīng)用啟動(dòng)
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class,args);
    }
}

Springboot探究

POM文件

<parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
    <version>2.1.10.RELEASE</version>
    <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>

父項(xiàng)目

  <parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
    <version>2.1.10.RELEASE</version>
    <relativePath>../../spring-boot-dependencies</relativePath>
  </parent>

該父項(xiàng)目是真正管理Spring Boot應(yīng)用里面的所有依賴的版本:Spring Boot的版本仲裁中心,所以以后導(dǎo)入的依賴默認(rèn)是不需要版本號(hào)。如下

  <properties>
    <activemq.version>5.15.10</activemq.version>
    <antlr2.version>2.7.7</antlr2.version>
    <appengine-sdk.version>1.9.76</appengine-sdk.version>
    <artemis.version>2.6.4</artemis.version>
    <aspectj.version>1.9.4</aspectj.version>
    <assertj.version>3.11.1</assertj.version>
    <atomikos.version>4.0.6</atomikos.version>
    <bitronix.version>2.1.4</bitronix.version>
    <build-helper-maven-plugin.version>3.0.0</build-helper-maven-plugin.version>
    <byte-buddy.version>1.9.16</byte-buddy.version>
    <caffeine.version>2.6.2</caffeine.version>
    <cassandra-driver.version>3.6.0</cassandra-driver.version>
    <classmate.version>1.4.0</classmate.version>
    <commons-codec.version>1.11</commons-codec.version>
    <commons-dbcp2.version>2.5.0</commons-dbcp2.version>
    <commons-lang3.version>3.8.1</commons-lang3.version>
    <commons-pool.version>1.6</commons-pool.version>
    <commons-pool2.version>2.6.2</commons-pool2.version>
    <couchbase-cache-client.version>2.1.0</couchbase-cache-client.version>
    <couchbase-client.version>2.7.9</couchbase-client.version>
    <dependency-management-plugin.version>1.0.8.RELEASE</dependency-management-plugin.version>
    ......
  </properties>

啟動(dòng)器

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>

spring-boot-starter: spring boot場(chǎng)景啟動(dòng)器;幫助導(dǎo)入web模塊正常運(yùn)行所依賴的組件;
Spring Boot將所有的功能場(chǎng)景抽取出來(lái),做成一個(gè)個(gè)的starter(啟動(dòng)器),只需要在項(xiàng)目中引入這些starter,那么相關(guān)的場(chǎng)景的所有依賴都會(huì)導(dǎo)入進(jìn)項(xiàng)目中。要用什么功能就導(dǎo)入什么場(chǎng)景的啟動(dòng)器。

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
      <version>2.1.10.RELEASE</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-json</artifactId>
      <version>2.1.10.RELEASE</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
      <version>2.1.10.RELEASE</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.hibernate.validator</groupId>
      <artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
      <version>6.0.18.Final</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
      <version>5.1.11.RELEASE</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
      <version>5.1.11.RELEASE</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>

添加spring-boot-starter-web 依賴,會(huì)自動(dòng)添加 Tomcat 和 Spring MVC等依賴,并且spring-boot-starter-web中又引入了spring-boot-starter-tomcat

主程序類(主入口類)

@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class,args);
    }
}

@SpringBootApplication
Spring Boot應(yīng)用標(biāo)注在某個(gè)類上,說(shuō)明這個(gè)類是SpringBoot的主配置類,SpringBoot就應(yīng)該運(yùn)行這個(gè)類的main方法來(lái)啟動(dòng)SpringBoot應(yīng)用。
注解定義如下:

@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(
    excludeFilters = {@Filter(
    type = FilterType.CUSTOM,
    classes = {TypeExcludeFilter.class}
), @Filter(
    type = FilterType.CUSTOM,
    classes = {AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class}
)}
)
public @interface SpringBootApplication {}

@SpringBootConfiguration

  • Spring Boot的配置類
  • 標(biāo)注在某個(gè)類上,表示這是一個(gè)Spring Boot的配置類
    注解定義如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Configuration
public @interface SpringBootConfiguration {
}

其實(shí)就是一個(gè)Configuration配置類,意思是Application最終會(huì)被注冊(cè)到Spring容器中

@EnableAutoConfiguration

  • 開(kāi)啟自動(dòng)配置功能
  • 以前使用Spring需要配置的信息,Spring Boot幫助自動(dòng)配置;
  • @EnableAutoConfiguration通知SpringBoot開(kāi)啟自動(dòng)配置功能,這樣自動(dòng)配置才能生效。
    注解定義如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import({AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class})
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
    String ENABLED_OVERRIDE_PROPERTY = "spring.boot.enableautoconfiguration";

    Class<?>[] exclude() default {};

    String[] excludeName() default {};
}

@AutoConfigurationPackage

  • 自動(dòng)配置包注解
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@Import({Registrar.class})
public @interface AutoConfigurationPackage {
}

@Import(AutoConfigurationPackages.Registrar.class):默認(rèn)將主配置類(@SpringBootApplication)所在的包及其子包里面的所有組件掃描到Spring容器中。如下

static class Registrar implements ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar, DeterminableImports {
    Registrar() {
    }

    public void registerBeanDefinitions(AnnotationMetadata metadata, BeanDefinitionRegistry registry) {
        //默認(rèn)將會(huì)掃描@SpringBootApplication標(biāo)注的主配置類所在的包及其子包下所有組件
        AutoConfigurationPackages.register(registry, (new AutoConfigurationPackages.PackageImport(metadata)).getPackageName());
    }

    public Set<Object> determineImports(AnnotationMetadata metadata) {
        return Collections.singleton(new AutoConfigurationPackages.PackageImport(metadata));
    }
}

@Import({AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class})
AutoConfigurationImportSelector: 導(dǎo)入哪些組件的選擇器,將所有需要導(dǎo)入的組件以全類名的方式返回,這些組件就會(huì)被添加到容器中。

AutoConfigurationImportSelector{
    public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
        if (!this.isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
            return NO_IMPORTS;
        } else {
            AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata = AutoConfigurationMetadataLoader.loadMetadata(this.beanClassLoader);
            AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry = this.getAutoConfigurationEntry(autoConfigurationMetadata, annotationMetadata);
            return StringUtils.toStringArray(autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations());
        }
    }

    protected AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry getAutoConfigurationEntry(AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata, AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
        if (!this.isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
            return EMPTY_ENTRY;
        } else {
            AnnotationAttributes attributes = this.getAttributes(annotationMetadata);
            List<String> configurations = this.getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);
            configurations = this.removeDuplicates(configurations);
            Set<String> exclusions = this.getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);
            this.checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions);
            configurations.removeAll(exclusions);
            configurations = this.filter(configurations, autoConfigurationMetadata);
            this.fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions);
            return new AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions);
        }
    }
}

我們主要看List<String> configurations = this.getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);attributes);會(huì)給容器中注入眾多的自動(dòng)配置類(xxxAutoConfiguration),就是給容器中導(dǎo)入這個(gè)場(chǎng)景需要的所有組件,并配置好這些組件。我們跟進(jìn)去看看

public class AutoConfigurationImportSelector{
protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
    List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(this.getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(), this.getBeanClassLoader());
    Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
    return configurations;
}

    protected Class<?> getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass() {
        return EnableAutoConfiguration.class;
    }

    protected ClassLoader getBeanClassLoader() {
        return this.beanClassLoader;
    }
}

public final class SpringFactoriesLoader{
    public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = "META-INF/spring.factories";
    public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryClass, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
        String factoryClassName = factoryClass.getName();
        return (List)loadSpringFactories(classLoader).getOrDefault(factoryClassName, Collections.emptyList());
    }

    private static Map<String, List<String>> loadSpringFactories(@Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
        //獲取緩存中的配置
        MultiValueMap<String, String> result = (MultiValueMap)cache.get(classLoader);
        if (result != null) {
            return result;
        } else {
            try {
                //從類路徑的META-INF/spring.factories中加載所有默認(rèn)的自動(dòng)配置類
                Enumeration<URL> urls = classLoader != null ? classLoader.getResources("META-INF/spring.factories") : ClassLoader.getSystemResources("META-INF/spring.factories");
                LinkedMultiValueMap result = new LinkedMultiValueMap();

                while(urls.hasMoreElements()) {
                    URL url = (URL)urls.nextElement();
                    UrlResource resource = new UrlResource(url);
                    Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource);
                    Iterator var6 = properties.entrySet().iterator();

                    while(var6.hasNext()) {
                        Entry<?, ?> entry = (Entry)var6.next();
                        String factoryClassName = ((String)entry.getKey()).trim();
                        String[] var9 = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String)entry.getValue());
                        int var10 = var9.length;

                        for(int var11 = 0; var11 < var10; ++var11) {
                            String factoryName = var9[var11];
                            result.add(factoryClassName, factoryName.trim());
                        }
                    }
                }

                cache.put(classLoader, result);
                return result;
            } catch (IOException var13) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load factories from location [META-INF/spring.factories]", var13);
            }
        }
    }
}

SpringBoot啟動(dòng)的時(shí)候通過(guò)SpringFactoriesLoader從類路徑下的 META-INF/spring.factories中獲取EnableAutoConfiguration指定的值,并將這些值作為自動(dòng)配置類導(dǎo)入到容器中,自動(dòng)配置類就會(huì)生效,最后完成自動(dòng)配置工作。EnableAutoConfiguration默認(rèn)在spring-boot-autoconfigure這個(gè)包中,如下圖:



最終有96個(gè)自動(dòng)配置類被加載并注冊(cè)進(jìn)Spring容器中

J2EE的整體整合解決方案和自動(dòng)配置都在spring-boot-autoconfigure-xxx.jar中。在這些自動(dòng)配置類中會(huì)通過(guò)@ConditionalOnClass等條件注解判斷是否導(dǎo)入了某些依賴包,從而通過(guò)@Bean注冊(cè)相應(yīng)的對(duì)象進(jìn)行自動(dòng)配置。

參考:
https://www.cnblogs.com/java-chen-hao/p/11829056.html

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