12 Integer to Roman 整數轉羅馬數字

Description:
Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.

Symbol       Value
I             1
V             5
X             10
L             50
C             100
D             500
M             1000

For example, two is written as II in Roman numeral, just two one's added together. Twelve is written as, XII, which is simply X + II. The number twenty seven is written as XXVII, which is XX + V + II.

Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. However, the numeral for four is not IIII. Instead, the number four is written as IV. Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, which is written as IX. There are six instances where subtraction is used:

I can be placed before V (5) and X (10) to make 4 and 9.
X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90.
C can be placed before D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.
Given an integer, convert it to a roman numeral. Input is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999.

Example:

Example 1:

Input: 3
Output: "III"

Example 2:

Input: 4
Output: "IV"

Example 3:

Input: 9
Output: "IX"

Example 4:

Input: 58
Output: "LVIII"
Explanation: L = 50, V = 5, III = 3.

Example 5:

Input: 1994
Output: "MCMXCIV"
Explanation: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.

題目描述:
羅馬數字包含以下七種字符： I， V， X， L，C，D 和 M。

字符          數值
I             1
V             5
X             10
L             50
C             100
D             500
M             1000

例如， 羅馬數字 2 寫做 II ，即為兩個并列的 1。12 寫做 XII ，即為 X + II 。 27 寫做 XXVII, 即為 XX + V + II 。

通常情況下，羅馬數字中小的數字在大的數字的右邊。但也存在特例，例如 4 不寫做 IIII，而是 IV。數字 1 在數字 5 的左邊，所表示的數等于大數 5 減小數 1 得到的數值 4 。同樣地，數字 9 表示為 IX。這個特殊的規(guī)則只適用于以下六種情況：

I 可以放在 V (5) 和 X (10) 的左邊，來表示 4 和 9。
X 可以放在 L (50) 和 C (100) 的左邊，來表示 40 和 90。
C 可以放在 D (500) 和 M (1000) 的左邊，來表示 400 和 900。
給定一個整數，將其轉為羅馬數字。輸入確保在 1 到 3999 的范圍內。

示例 :

示例 1:

輸入: 3
輸出: "III"

示例 2:

輸入: 4
輸出: "IV"

示例 3:

輸入: 9
輸出: "IX"

示例 4:

輸入: 58
輸出: "LVIII"
解釋: L = 50, V = 5, III = 3.

示例 5:

輸入: 1994
輸出: "MCMXCIV"
解釋: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90, IV = 4.

思路:

使用貪心法, 只要大于邊界值的數字就用邊界值對應的羅馬數字字符代替
時間復雜度O(1), 空間復雜度O(1), 數字最大為 3999, 可以保證在13次以內轉化完成

代碼:
C++:

class Solution 
{
public:
    string intToRoman(int num) 
    {
        int values[] = {1000, 900, 500, 400, 100, 90, 50, 40, 10, 9, 5, 4, 1};
        string result = "", romans[] = {"M", "CM", "D", "CD", "C", "XC", "L", "XL", "X", "IX", "V", "IV", "I"};
        for (int i = 0; i < 13; i++) while (num >= values[i]) 
        {
            num -= values[i];
            result += romans[i];
        }
        return result;
    }
};

Java:

class Solution {
    public String intToRoman(int num) {
        int values[] = {1000, 900, 500, 400, 100, 90, 50, 40, 10, 9, 5, 4, 1};
        String result = "", romans[] = {"M", "CM", "D", "CD", "C", "XC", "L", "XL", "X", "IX", "V", "IV", "I"};
        for (int i = 0; i < 13; i++) {
            while (num >= values[i]) {
                num -= values[i];
                result += romans[i];
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
}

Python:

class Solution:
    def intToRoman(self, num: int) -> str:
        m, d, result = [['', 'M', 'MM', 'MMM'], ['', 'C', 'CC', 'CCC', 'CD', 'D', 'DC', 'DCC', 'DCCC', 'CM'], ['', 'X', 'XX', 'XXX', 'XL', 'L', 'LX', 'LXX', 'LXXX', 'XC'], ['', 'I', 'II', 'III', 'IV', 'V', 'VI', 'VII', 'VIII', 'IX']], [1000, 100, 10, 1], ''
        for k, v in enumerate(d):
            result += m[k][num // v]
            num %= v
        return result