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Linux基礎(chǔ)命令學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)，隨著學(xué)習(xí)的前進(jìn)，將不斷完善。網(wǎng)友們，有錯(cuò)誤之處，請給我留言改正喔，謝謝！

基礎(chǔ)操作

<a href="#clear">clear</a> <a href="#hostname">hostname</a> <a href="#tty">tty</a> <a href="#who">who</a> <a href="#whoami">whoami</a> <a href="#w">w</a> <a href="#whatis">whatis</a> <a href="#which">which</a> <a href="#whereis">whereis</a> <a href="#hash">hash</a> <a href="#enable">enable</a> <a href="#alias">alias</a> <a href="#unalias">unalias</a> <a href="#date">date</a> <a href="#clock">clock</a> <a href="#hwclock">hwclock</a> <a href="#cal">cal</a> <a href="#ldd">ldd</a> <a href="#uname">uname</a> <a href="#timedatectl">timedatectl</a> <a href="#screen">screen</a> <a href="#script">script</a> <a href="#chvt">chvt</a> <a href="#man">man</a>

文件、目錄、磁盤、文件系統(tǒng)

<a href="#cd">cd</a> <a href="#pwd">pwd</a> <a href="#ls">ls</a> <a href="#cat">cat</a> <a href="#tac">tac</a> <a href="#nl">nl</a> <a href="#head">head</a> <a href="#tail">tail</a> <a href="#less">less</a> <a href="#more">more</a> <a href="#hexdump">hexdump</a> <a href="# od"> od</a> <a href="#cp">cp</a> <a href="#mv">mv</a> <a href="#rm">rm</a> <a href="#mkdir">mkdir</a> <a href="#rmdir">rmdir</a> <a href="#dd">dd</a> <a href="#gedit">gedit</a> <a href="#nano">nano</a> <a href="#file">file</a> <a href="#type">type</a> <a href="#iconv">iconv</a>

用戶和組

<a href="#id">id</a> <a href="#getent">getent</a>

BASHELL 特性

<a href="#echo">echo</a> <a href="#history">history</a> <a href="#hash">hash</a> <a href="#history">history</a>

網(wǎng)絡(luò)屬性

<a href="#ifconfig">ifconfig</a> <a href="#ping">ping</a> <a href="#rz">rz</a> <a href="#sz">sz</a>

系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)，關(guān)機(jī)

<a href="#exit">exit</a> <a href="#logout">logout</a> <a href="#init">init</a> <a href="#quit">quit</a> <a href="#reboot">reboot</a> <a href="#shutdown">shutdown</a> <a href="#runlevel">runlevel</a> <a href="#halt">halt</a> <a href="#poweroff">poweroff</a>

進(jìn)程

<a href="#free">free</a> <a href="#lsblk">lsblk</a> <a href="# lscpu"> lscpu</a>

程序包管理

<a href="#rpm">rpm</a> <a href="#.">.</a> <a href="#source">source</a>

<a id="clear">clear</a>

clear the terminal screen 清空屏幕內(nèi)容

<a id="hostname">hostname</a>

Display the hostname 顯示主機(jī)名

hostname [-s|--short]
-s | --short Display the shourt host name, This is the hostname cut at the firs dot. 顯示短主機(jī)名，取第一個(gè)點(diǎn)號之前的字符串

[centos6@root ~]# hostname
centos6.zhubiao.science
# -s 取第一個(gè)點(diǎn)號之前的字符串作為短主機(jī)名
[centos6@root ~]# hostname -s 
centos6

<a id="tty">tty</a>

print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input 顯示當(dāng)前工作終端下的終端的名字

終端分為：
- 物理終端
  物理控制臺：表示為 /dev/console， Linux單用戶模式下顯示為物理終端
- 虛擬終端
  系統(tǒng)自帶6個(gè)虛擬終端，表示為/dev/tty#, #為1-6
- 圖形終端
- 偽終端
  圖形界面打開的命令行接口，通過ssh或telnet協(xié)議打開的命令行界面均為偽終端，表現(xiàn)為/dev/pts/#

# 將運(yùn)行級別切換為單用戶模式后，使用的將是物理終端，如下所示，當(dāng)前運(yùn)行級別為3的多用戶模式，將其切換為1后查看終端。
[root@zb01 ~]# tty
/dev/tty1
[root@zb01 ~]# runlevel #查看運(yùn)行級別
S 3
[root@zb01 ~]# init 1
...
[root@zb01 /]# runlevel
1 S
[root@zb01 /]# tty
/dev/console

<a id="who">who</a>

Who is logged on 顯示當(dāng)前登錄的用戶

who [options]
-b #系統(tǒng)登錄的時(shí)間
-r #當(dāng)前運(yùn)行級別

[centos7@root dir]# who
root     tty1         2017-07-15 16:20
root     pts/0        2017-07-15 07:24 (gateway)
[centos7@root dir]# who -b
         system boot  2017-07-14 20:54
[centos7@root dir]# who -r
         run-level 3  2017-07-14 20:54                   last=5

<a id="whoami">whoami</a>

顯示當(dāng)前登錄的用戶名

[centos7@root dir]# whoami
root

<a id="w">w</a>

Show who is logged on and what they are doing. 顯示當(dāng)前登錄的用戶和正在執(zhí)行的命令

[centos7@root dir]# w 
 17:08:16 up 12:09,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
root     tty1                      16:20   47:20   0.04s  0.04s -bash
root     pts/0    gateway          07:24    0.00s  3.05s  0.01s w

<a id="whatis">whatis</a>

查找外部命令的man手冊幫助文檔所在的章節(jié)

whatis command #等同于man -f

[centos7@root ~]# whatis ls
ls (1)               - list directory contents
ls (1p)              - list directory contents

[centos7@root ~]# whatis cp
cp (1)               - copy files and directories
cp (1p)              - copy files

[centos7@root ~]# whatis ifconfig
ifconfig (8)         - configure a network interface

[centos7@root ~]# man -f ls
ls (1)               - list directory contents
ls (1p)              - list directory contents

[centos7@root ~]# man -f cp
cp (1)               - copy files and directories
cp (1p)              - copy files

<a id="which">which</a>

按照PATH路徑查找命令后顯示其完整路徑

which [options][command]
-a 顯示命令所有PATH路徑
--skip-alias 不顯示別名

[centos6@root test]# which --skip-alias ls
/bin/ls
[centos6@root test]# which -a ls
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    /bin/ls

<a id="whereis">whereis</a>

查找命令所在路徑，源碼路徑，幫助手冊路徑
whereis [options][command]

[centos6@root test]# whereis mysql
mysql: /usr/bin/mysql /usr/lib64/mysql /usr/share/mysql /usr/share/man/man1/mysql.1.gz

[centos6@root test]# whereis -b mysql
mysql: /usr/bin/mysql /usr/lib64/mysql /usr/share/mysql

[centos6@root test]# whereis -m mysql
mysql: /usr/share/man/man1/mysql.1.gz

<a id="cd">cd</a>

Change the shell working dirctory 切換工作目錄

cd [-P] DIR
-P 若DIR為符號鏈接目錄，cd DIR切換到實(shí)際的工作目錄，而不是符號鏈接目錄
cd - #切換到上一個(gè)工作目錄
cd ~ #切換到當(dāng)前用戶的家目錄
cd ~USER #切換到USER用戶的家目錄，只有root有權(quán)限切換到任意用戶的家目錄
cd .. #切換到上一級目錄

PWD #顯示當(dāng)前工作目錄

OLDPWD #顯示上一次工作目錄，echo #OLDPWD可查看其值，若修改了其值里的路徑，則使用cd -將跳轉(zhuǎn)到所修改路徑下

[centos6@root test]# pwd
/root/test
[centos6@root test]# cd ~  
[centos6@root ~]# pwd
/root
[centos6@root ~]# cd -
/root/test
[centos6@root test]# pwd
/root/test
[centos6@root test]# cd ~zb10
[centos6@root zb10]# pwd
/home/zb10
[centos6@root zb10]# cd ..
[centos6@root home]# pwd
/home
[centos6@root home]# 
# -P 切換到實(shí)際路徑的工作目錄下
[centos6@root test]# ll dir
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 Jul 15 17:16 dir -> a/b/c/
[centos6@root test]# cd dir
[centos6@root dir]# pwd
/root/test/dir
[centos6@root dir]# cd -
/root/test
[centos6@root test]# cd -P dir
[centos6@root c]# pwd
/root/test/a/b/c

<a id="pwd">pwd</a>

print the name of the current working dirctory 顯示當(dāng)前工作目錄

pwd [-P]
-P - 若當(dāng)前工作目錄為符號鏈接路徑，加-P選項(xiàng)顯示實(shí)際路徑

[centos7@root test]# pwd
/root/test  #顯示當(dāng)前工作目錄
# -P 顯示出實(shí)際路徑而不是符號鏈接的路徑
[centos7@root test]# mkdir -p a/b/c 
[centos7@root test]# ln -s a/b/c dir  
[centos7@root test]# ll dir
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Jul 15 15:33 dir -> a/b/c
[centos7@root test]# cd dir 
[centos7@root dir]# pwd  
/root/test/dir
[centos7@root dir]# pwd -P  #加了-P選項(xiàng)，顯示實(shí)際路徑
/root/test/a/b/c

<a id="ls">ls</a>

List dirctory contents 列出當(dāng)前或指定目錄（或所有子目錄）下的內(nèi)容

ls [options][dirs]
- l 列出詳細(xì)內(nèi)容
-a | --all 列出所有內(nèi)容包括. ..
-A 列出所有內(nèi)容，不包括. ..
-d 僅列出指定的目錄
--full-time 列出完整的修改時(shí)間格式

-S 按文件大小進(jìn)行排序

-t 按修改時(shí)間大小(mtime)進(jìn)行排序

-u 顯示訪問時(shí)間(atime)，默認(rèn)顯示的是mtime,

-t -u 顯示訪問時(shí)間(atime),并按atime進(jìn)行排序

-r | --reverse 反向排序

-R | --recursive 遞歸顯示所有路徑

--time = atime, ctime 顯示訪問時(shí)間或修改屬性時(shí)間(大小，權(quán)限。。。)
```
[centos6@root test]# ls
a  dir
[centos6@root test]# ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jul 15 17:15 a
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    6 Jul 15 17:16 dir -> a/b/c/
[centos6@root test]# ll
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jul 15 17:15 a
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    6 Jul 15 17:16 dir -> a/b/c/
[centos6@root test]# ls -a
.  ..  a  dir
[centos6@root test]# ls -A
a  dir
[centos6@root test]# ls /root/test/
a  dir
[centos6@root test]# ls --full-time /root/test/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 2017-07-15 17:15:41.550009093 +0800 a
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    6 2017-07-15 17:16:44.490009154 +0800 dir -> a/b/c/
```

<a id="cat">cat</a>

Concatenate files and print on the standard output # 讀取一個(gè)或多個(gè)文件(也可以從鍵盤輸入) 并輸出

cat [options][files]
-n # 在每行（包括空行）前面加上行號
-b # 在非空行前面加上行號

[centos7@root dir]# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# Generated by NetworkManager
search magedu.com zhubiao.science
  
nameserver 192.168.17.1
  
nameserver 172.18.0.1
# -n 加入行號，包括空行
[centos7@root dir]# cat -n /etc/resolv.conf 
     1  # Generated by NetworkManager
     2  search magedu.com zhubiao.science
     3  
     4  nameserver 192.168.17.1
     5  
     6  nameserver 172.18.0.1
# -b非空行前加入行號
[centos7@root dir]# cat -b /etc/resolv.conf 
     1  # Generated by NetworkManager
     2  search magedu.com zhubiao.science
      
     3  nameserver 192.168.17.1
      
     4  nameserver 172.18.0.1

<a id="tac">tac</a>

Concatenate and print files #倒敘顯示文件內(nèi)容，即從文件尾頁到首頁的順序顯示內(nèi)容

# 如正常順序顯示/etc/resolv.conf 如下:
[centos7@root dir]# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# Generated by NetworkManager
search magedu.com zhubiao.science

nameserver 192.168.17.1

nameserver 172.18.0.1
#使用tac 將倒序輸出文件內(nèi)容，如下：
[centos7@root dir]# tac /etc/resolv.conf 
nameserver 172.18.0.1

nameserver 192.168.17.1

search magedu.com zhubiao.science
# Generated by NetworkManager

<a id="nl">nl</a>

讀取文件內(nèi)容后輸出左側(cè)加入行號的內(nèi)容

nl [options][files]
- -b #與選項(xiàng)a, t一起使用，控制行號的輸出
  a #-b a 所有行都有行號
  t #-b t 空行不輸出行號
  n #-b n 所有行均不輸出行號
- -n #與ln, rn, rz一起使用控制行號位置及補(bǔ)0的輸出
  ln #-n ln 行號在所在字段的左側(cè)
  rn #-n rn 行號在所在字段的右側(cè)
  rz #-n rz 行號在所在字段的右側(cè)，左側(cè)補(bǔ)0

[centos7@root dir]# nl /etc/resolv.conf 
     1  # Generated by NetworkManager
     2  search magedu.com zhubiao.science
       
     3  nameserver 192.168.17.1
       
     4  nameserver 172.18.0.1
[centos7@root dir]# nl -b a /etc/resolv.conf 
     1  # Generated by NetworkManager
     2  search magedu.com zhubiao.science
     3  
     4  nameserver 192.168.17.1
     5  
     6  nameserver 172.18.0.1
[centos7@root dir]# nl -b t /etc/resolv.conf 
     1  # Generated by NetworkManager
     2  search magedu.com zhubiao.science
       
     3  nameserver 192.168.17.1
       
     4  nameserver 172.18.0.1
[centos7@root dir]# nl -b n /etc/resolv.conf 
       # Generated by NetworkManager
       search magedu.com zhubiao.science
       
       nameserver 192.168.17.1
       
       nameserver 172.18.0.1
[centos7@root dir]# nl -n ln /etc/resolv.conf 
1       # Generated by NetworkManager
2       search magedu.com zhubiao.science
       
3       nameserver 192.168.17.1
       
4       nameserver 172.18.0.1
[centos7@root dir]# nl -n rn /etc/resolv.conf 
     1  # Generated by NetworkManager
     2  search magedu.com zhubiao.science
       
     3  nameserver 192.168.17.1
       
     4  nameserver 172.18.0.1
[centos7@root dir]# nl -n rz /etc/resolv.conf 
000001  # Generated by NetworkManager
000002  search magedu.com zhubiao.science
       
000003  nameserver 192.168.17.1
       
000004  nameserver 172.18.0.1
[centos7@root dir]# nl -n rz -w2 /etc/resolv.conf 
01  # Generated by NetworkManager
02  search magedu.com zhubiao.science
   
03  nameserver 192.168.17.1
   
04  nameserver 172.18.0.1

<a id="head">head</a>

Out put the first part of files 讀取文件的前幾行(默認(rèn)為10行，也可指定)并輸出

head [options][files]
-n NUM #輸出前NUM行
-v 行首打印所讀取文件內(nèi)容的完整路徑名
-c NUM #輸出前NUM個(gè)字符

[centos7@root dir]# head /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
# 行首輸出文件路徑名
[centos7@root dir]# head -v /etc/passwd
==> /etc/passwd <==
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
# 指定輸出前3行
[centos7@root dir]# head -n 3 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
# 輸出前4個(gè)字符
[centos7@root dir]# head -c 4 /etc/passwd
root[centos7@root dir]#

<a id="tail">tail</a>

Out put the last part of files

tail [options][fies]
-n NUM #輸出文件后NUM行
-v #輸出首行顯示文件完整路徑內(nèi)容
-c NUM #輸出文件最后NUM個(gè)字符

[centos7@root dir]# tail /etc/passwd
setroubleshoot:x:991:988::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
gnome-initial-setup:x:990:985::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
zb20:x:1000:1000:zb20:/home/zb20:/bin/bash
[centos7@root dir]# tail -n 3 /etc/passwd
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
zb20:x:1000:1000:zb20:/home/zb20:/bin/bash
[centos7@root dir]# tail -v -n 3 /etc/passwd
==> /etc/passwd <==
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
zb20:x:1000:1000:zb20:/home/zb20:/bin/bash
# 輸出文件末尾9個(gè)字符
[centos7@root dir]# tail -c 9 /etc/passwd
bin/bash

<a id="less">less<a>

非常好用的一個(gè)瀏覽文件內(nèi)容的工具，可以通過快捷鍵向前/后瀏覽文件內(nèi)容，可以通過關(guān)鍵字搜索文件中的字符串。對文件的前后翻屏功能類似VIM, MAN手冊的瀏覽就是通過less命令實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

less FILES
- 翻屏快捷鍵
  Ctrl + F #向文件首部翻一屏
  Ctrl + B #向文件尾部翻一屏
  Ctrl + D #向文件首部翻半屏
  Ctrl + U #向文件尾部翻半屏
  j #向文件尾部滾動(dòng)一行
  k #向文件首部滾動(dòng)一行
搜索
- / [patern]
  n #向前搜索下一個(gè)匹配的模式或字符串
  N #向后搜索上一個(gè)匹配的模式或字符串
- ？[patern]
  n #向后搜索上一個(gè)匹配的模式或字符串
  N #向前搜索下一個(gè)匹配的模式或字符串

<a id="more">more</a>

more功能和less類似，但沒有l(wèi)ess功能多，比如不可以向文件首部翻屏，只能向尾部翻屏，所以建議使用less

<a id="hexdump">hexdump</a>

通常用來查看二進(jìn)制文件，但不限于只能看二進(jìn)制文件。

hexdump [option][files]
-o #八進(jìn)制顯示
-d #十進(jìn)制顯示
-x #十六進(jìn)制顯示
-C #十六進(jìn)制和ASCII字符顯示

以下實(shí)例通過hexdump讀取cat命令的二進(jìn)制文件，因內(nèi)容過多，此處使用<a href="#head">head</a> -n 3 來顯示前三行內(nèi)容

[centos7@root dir]# hexdump /bin/cat | head -n 3
0000000 457f 464c 0102 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000010 0002 003e 0001 0000 2644 0040 0000 0000
0000020 0040 0000 0000 0000 cbc0 0000 0000 0000
[centos7@root dir]# hexdump -o /bin/cat | head -n 3
0000000  042577  043114  000402  000001  000000  000000  000000  000000
0000010  000002  000076  000001  000000  023104  000100  000000  000000
0000020  000100  000000  000000  000000  145700  000000  000000  000000
[centos7@root dir]# hexdump -d /bin/cat | head -n 3
0000000   17791   17996   00258   00001   00000   00000   00000   00000
0000010   00002   00062   00001   00000   09796   00064   00000   00000
0000020   00064   00000   00000   00000   52160   00000   00000   00000
[centos7@root dir]# hexdump -x /bin/cat | head -n 3
0000000    457f    464c    0102    0001    0000    0000    0000    0000
0000010    0002    003e    0001    0000    2644    0040    0000    0000
0000020    0040    0000    0000    0000    cbc0    0000    0000    0000
[centos7@root dir]# hexdump -C /bin/cat | head -n 3
00000000  7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.ELF............|
00000010  02 00 3e 00 01 00 00 00  44 26 40 00 00 00 00 00  |..>.....D&@.....|
00000020  40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  c0 cb 00 00 00 00 00 00  |@...............|

<a id="od">od</a>

讀取二進(jìn)制文件

od [option][files]
-o #八進(jìn)制顯示
-d #十進(jìn)制顯示
-x #十六進(jìn)制顯示
以下實(shí)例通過od讀取cat命令的二進(jìn)制文件，因內(nèi)容過多，此處使用<a href="#head">head</a> -n 2 來顯示前三行內(nèi)容

[centos6@root test]# od -o /bin/cat | head -n 2
0000000 042577 043114 000402 000001 000000 000000 000000 000000
0000020 000002 000076 000001 000000 014120 000100 000000 000000
[centos6@root test]# od -d /bin/cat | head -n 2
0000000 17791 17996   258     1     0     0     0     0
0000020     2    62     1     0  6224    64     0     0
[centos6@root test]# od -x /bin/cat | head -n 2
0000000 457f 464c 0102 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000020 0002 003e 0001 0000 1850 0040 0000 0000

<a id="cp">cp</a>

cp [options][Source_File] [Destination_File]
-p #same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps
-u #當(dāng)原文件更新時(shí)才覆蓋目標(biāo)文件
-R | r #若原文件有子目錄時(shí)，連同目錄一起復(fù)制
-d #當(dāng)原文件內(nèi)容包含符號鏈接時(shí)，選項(xiàng)復(fù)制符號鏈接，不加-d選項(xiàng)是復(fù)制符號鏈接指向的原文件內(nèi)容
-a same as -dr
-i | --interactive #prompt before overwrite 若目標(biāo)文件存在普通用戶復(fù)制時(shí)，提示是否覆蓋，建議使用cp時(shí)加-i選項(xiàng)
-f | --force

-p 復(fù)制時(shí)目標(biāo)文件保留原文件的屬性(時(shí)間戳，屬主屬組，文件權(quán)限）
[centos6@zb10 ~]$ ll 1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zb10 zb10 0 Jul 15 22:25 1.txt
[centos6@root zb10]# cp 1.txt 2.txt
[centos6@root zb10]# cp -p 1.txt 3.txt
[centos6@root zb10]# ll [[:digit:]].txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zb10 zb10 0 Jul 15 22:25 1.txt #原文件
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 15 22:25 2.txt  #未加-p選項(xiàng)屬性將變化
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zb10 zb10 0 Jul 15 22:25 3.txt  #加-p選項(xiàng)的目標(biāo)文件屬性不變
# -u 只有當(dāng)原文件比目標(biāo)文件修改時(shí)間更新才覆蓋目標(biāo)文件
# 如下file2 比file1更新，-u 選項(xiàng)時(shí)將file1復(fù)制到file2時(shí)不會(huì)覆蓋file2, 而反之則覆蓋file1的內(nèi)容
[centos6@zb10 ~]$ ll file*
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zb10 zb10 15 Jul 15 22:06 file1
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zb10 zb10 15 Jul 15 22:07 file2 
[centos6@zb10 ~]$ head -v file*
==> file1 <==
file1 Contents

==> file2 <==
file2 Contents
[centos6@zb10 ~]$ cp -u file1 file2
[centos6@zb10 ~]$ head -v file*
==> file1 <==
file1 Contents

==> file2 <==
file2 Contents
[centos6@zb10 ~]$ cp -u file2 file1
[centos6@zb10 ~]$ head -v file*
==> file1 <==
file2 Contents

==> file2 <==
file2 Contents
# -d 當(dāng)原文件內(nèi)容包含符號鏈接時(shí)，選項(xiàng)復(fù)制符號鏈接，不加-d選項(xiàng)是復(fù)制符號鏈接指向的原文件內(nèi)容
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
├── dir1
│   ├── a
│   │   └── file
│   └── file.ln -> a/file
└── dir2

3 directories, 2 files
[centos6@root test]# cp dir1/file.ln dir2/
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
├── dir1
│   ├── a
│   │   └── file
│   └── file.ln -> a/file
└── dir2
    └── file.ln

3 directories, 3 files
[centos6@root test]# cp -d dir1/file.ln dir2/
cp: overwrite `dir2/file.ln'? y
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
├── dir1
│   ├── a
│   │   └── file
│   └── file.ln -> a/file
└── dir2
    └── file.ln -> a/file

3 directories, 3 files

<a id="mv">mv</a>

Move or rename files 移動(dòng)或重命名文件

mv [options][source] [destination]
-f | --force 目標(biāo)文件存在時(shí)，直接覆蓋
-i | --interactive 提示用戶是否覆蓋目標(biāo)文件
-u | --update 只有當(dāng)原文件更新時(shí)，才執(zhí)行移動(dòng)

# 如下所示當(dāng)前目錄下有兩個(gè)目錄，dir1,dir2,將dir2 移動(dòng)到dir1下
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
├── dir1
└── dir2
    └── a
        └── file1

3 directories, 1 file
[centos6@root test]# mv dir2 dir1
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
└── dir1
    └── dir2
        └── a
            └── file1

3 directories, 1 file
[centos6@root test]# 
# 修改dir1目錄名為dir3
[centos6@root test]# mv dir1 ./dir3
[centos6@root test]# ll
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jul 16 09:41 dir3

<a id="rm">rm</a>

Remove files or directories 刪除文件或目錄（子目錄）

rm [options][files]
-f | --force #刪除時(shí)，文件或目錄不存在時(shí)不提示
-r | -R | --recursive #刪除目錄及其下的子目錄或文件
-i #刪除每一個(gè)文件、目錄時(shí)均提示是否刪除

[centos6@root test]# rm dir3/dir2/a/file1 
rm: remove regular empty file `dir3/dir2/a/file1'? y
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
└── dir3
    └── dir2
        └── a

3 directories, 0 files
[centos6@root test]# rm -rf dir3 #徹底刪除dir3及其目錄下的所有子目錄、文件

<a id="mkdir">mkdir</a>

Make Directories 創(chuàng)建目錄

mkdir [options][directories]
-p | --parents 創(chuàng)建多級目錄時(shí)，其父目錄不存在則先創(chuàng)建其父目錄
-m | --mode=MODE 創(chuàng)建目錄時(shí)指定目錄的權(quán)限
-v 顯示創(chuàng)建目錄的過程

#創(chuàng)建目錄dir1
[centos6@root test]# mkdir -v dir1
mkdir: created directory `dir1'
[centos6@root test]# ll -d dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 10:06 dir1

#-m 創(chuàng)建目錄dir2,并指定目錄權(quán)限為rw-rw-rw-(666)
[centos6@root test]# mkdir -m 666 dir2
[centos6@root test]# ll -d dir1 dir2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 10:06 dir1
drw-rw-rw-. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 10:07 dir2

#-p 創(chuàng)建多級目錄
[centos6@root test]# mkdir -pv dir3/a/b/c
mkdir: created directory `dir3'
mkdir: created directory `dir3/a'
mkdir: created directory `dir3/a/b'
mkdir: created directory `dir3/a/b/c'
[centos6@root test]# ll -d dir3/a/b/c
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 10:08 dir3/a/b/c

<a id="rmdir">rmdir</a>

remove empty directories 刪除空目錄

rmdir
-p | --parents #Remove empty directories and its ancestors 刪除其空目錄及其父輩空目錄

#如下所示，除了file是文件，其它均為空文件夾，下面練習(xí)是使用rmdir
[centos6@root test]# tree 
.
├── dir1
├── dir2
│   └── file
└── dir3
    └── a
        └── b

5 directories, 1 file

#刪除空目錄dir1
[centos6@root test]# rmdir dir1
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
├── dir2
│   └── file
└── dir3
    └── a
        └── b
4 directories, 1 file

#若不是空目錄，比如文件file無法使用rmdir刪除
[centos6@root test]# rmdir dir2/file 
rmdir: failed to remove `dir2/file': Not a directory

# -p 連同其父空目錄一起刪除
[centos6@root test]# rmdir dir3/a/b/ #不適用-p僅刪除其自身空目錄
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
├── dir2
│   └── file
└── dir3
    └── a

3 directories, 1 file
[centos6@root test]# rmdir -p dir3/a/  #使用-p連同其父空目錄一起刪除
[centos6@root test]# tree
.
└── dir2
    └── file

1 directory, 1 file

<a id="dd">id</a>

Copy and Convert files 復(fù)制或轉(zhuǎn)換文件格式
dd 功能很強(qiáng)大，可以直接讀取磁盤扇區(qū)的內(nèi)容，在此列舉一個(gè)dd的復(fù)制工具

dd if=input_file of=output_file bs=block_size count=number
if #Read from file instead of stdin 從文件讀入（包括裝置，Linux中一切皆文件喔），若無if將從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入（從鍵盤輸入）
of #Write to file instead of stdout 寫入到文件，無此項(xiàng)將輸出到屏幕
bs #讀取和寫入的block大小，默認(rèn)為512bytes
- ibs #讀取的block大小
- obs #寫入的block大小
count #bs的數(shù)量

#將/bin/cat文件備份到當(dāng)前目錄下
  [centos7@root ~]# dd if=/bin/cat of=./cat.bk bs=512
105+1 records in
105+1 records out
54080 bytes (54 kB) copied, 0.000900543 s, 60.1 MB/s
[centos7@root ~]# ll -h cat.bk 
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 53K Jul 16 11:06 cat.bk

<a id="gedit">gedit</a>

gdit是圖形終端的一個(gè)文本編輯工具，通過下圖方式打開

image.png

gedit也可以通過圖形終端上的命令行接口打開[centos6@root Desktop]# gedit

<a id="nano">nano</a>

nano #命令行下的文本編輯工具，命令行下面有更強(qiáng)大的文本編輯工具vim，建議使用vim

<a id="file">file</a>

file Determine file types |判斷文件類型

#查看cat命令文件類型
[centos7@root ~]# file /bin/cat
/bin/cat: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=fac04659ab9a437b5384c09f4731023373821a39, stripped

#查看/etc/passwd文件類型
[centos7@root ~]# file /etc/passwd
/etc/passwd: ASCII text

#查看/etc/類型
[centos7@root ~]# file /etc
/etc: directory

<a id="type">type</a>

type 判斷命令類型

type [options] command
-a 顯示所有包含該命令的位置
命令類型
- builtin Shell內(nèi)建命令
- 外部命令，不包含在shell內(nèi)建命令里的命令
- alias | 別名
- keword | 關(guān)鍵字
- function | 函數(shù)

#echo即有內(nèi)建命令，也有外部命令，為了演示type，我們再給echo定義個(gè)別名
[centos6@root test]# alias echo
alias echo='echo -e'
#不加任何選項(xiàng)，使用type查詢，若有別名，只能查到別名
[centos6@root test]# type echo
echo is aliased to `echo -e'
# -a 選項(xiàng)
[centos6@root test]# type -a echo
echo is aliased to `echo -e'
echo is a shell builtin
echo is /bin/echo

<a id="id">id</a>

Print user and group information for specified the USERNAME or the currentuser

id [options][users]
-g 用戶所在有效組
-G 用戶所在的所有組

# 不指定user將顯示當(dāng)前用戶的信息
[centos7@root ~]# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

# 指定用戶
[centos7@root ~]# id user1
uid=1001(user1) gid=1003(user1) groups=1003(user1),1001(group1),1002(group2)

[centos7@root ~]# id -g user1
1003

[centos7@root ~]# id -G user1
1003 1001 1002

<a id="getent">getent</a>

Get entries from name server switch 從定義的數(shù)據(jù)庫里獲得記錄
數(shù)據(jù)庫定義在/etc/nsswitch.conf 文件中

getent database [entries]

# 從/etc/passwd數(shù)據(jù)庫內(nèi)獲取包含root用戶的條目
[centos7@root ~]# getent passwd root
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
# 從/etc/group 數(shù)據(jù)庫內(nèi)獲取包含zb20的條目
[centos7@root ~]# getent group zb20
zb20:x:1000:zb20

<a id="iconv">iconv</a>

Convert text from one character encoding to another | 轉(zhuǎn)換字符編碼

iconv -f from_encoding -t to_encoding input_file -o output_file
-f 原文件編碼
-t 目標(biāo)文件編碼
-o 輸出文件
-l 列出iconv能轉(zhuǎn)換的編碼

# windows系統(tǒng)上保存默認(rèn)文本編碼格式，在linux系統(tǒng)中無法打開，就可以通過iconv轉(zhuǎn)換成linux系統(tǒng)識別的編碼
[centos7@root ~]# cat source.txt 
βo3¤3?????°?S￠?°?C
[centos7@root ~]# iconv -f gb2312 -t UTF-8 source.txt -o destination.txt      
[centos7@root ~]# cat destination.txt 
萬里長城萬里空，百世英雄百世夢

<a id="echo">echo</a>

打印shell變量，指定的字符串

echo [options][string]
-n #輸出字符后末尾不換行，默認(rèn)換行
-e #輸出字符中的轉(zhuǎn)義字符生效
\t #TAB
\n #newline

#顯示shell變量的值
[centos6@root test]# echo $PATH
/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[centos6@root test]# echo $PS1
\[\][\h@\u \W]\$ \[\]
[centos6@root test]# a=50
[centos6@root test]# echo $a
50

# -n 末尾不換行
[centos6@root test]# echo "hello everyone"
hello everyone
[centos6@root test]# echo -n "hello everyone"
hello everyone[centos6@root test]# 

# -e 轉(zhuǎn)義字符生效
[centos6@root test]# echo "hello\t welcome to QuJing\nI believe..."
hello\t welcome to QuJing\nI believe...
[centos6@root test]# echo -e "hello\t welcome to QuJing\nI believe..."
hello    welcome to QuJing
I believe...

#輸出連續(xù)或不連續(xù)字符
[centos7@root ~]# echo {a..z}
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
[centos7@root ~]# echo {A..z}
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [  ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
[centos7@root ~]# echo {1..9}
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
[centos7@root ~]# echo {9..1}
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
[centos7@root ~]# echo {1..10..2}
1 3 5 7 9
[centos7@root ~]# echo {001..10..2}
001 003 005 007 009
[centos7@root ~]# echo {1,7,q,b}
1 7 q b

<a id="history">history</a>

讀取歷史命令記錄
。。。更多功能待續(xù)

[centos7@root ~]# history | head -n 5
    1  clear
    2  cat /etc/gdm/custom.conf 
    3  vim /etc/gdm/custom.conf
    4  reboot
    5  shutdown -h now

<a id="ifconfig">ifconfig</a>

配置或顯示網(wǎng)卡參數(shù)

#顯示eth1網(wǎng)卡參數(shù)
[centos6@root test]# ifconfig eth1
eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:E3:FB:0C  
          inet addr:172.18.253.214  Bcast:172.18.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fee3:fb0c/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:440093 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:3225 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:43780248 (41.7 MiB)  TX bytes:241256 (235.6 KiB)

# 關(guān)閉eth1網(wǎng)卡
[centos6@root test]# ifconfig eth1 down
[centos6@root test]# ifconfig eth1
eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:E3:FB:0C  
          BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:440107 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:3227 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:43781936 (41.7 MiB)  TX bytes:241410 (235.7 KiB)

# 啟動(dòng)eth1網(wǎng)卡
[centos6@root test]# ifconfig eth1 up

<a id="ping">ping</a>

測試網(wǎng)絡(luò)是否連通

ping [options][ip/name]
-c COUNT 發(fā)送ECHO_REQUEST 包的數(shù)量

[centos6@root test]# ping -c 3 192.168.17.20
PING 192.168.17.20 (192.168.17.20) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.17.20: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=3.66 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.17.20: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.508 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.17.20: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.848 ms

--- 192.168.17.20 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.508/1.673/3.664/1.414 ms

<a id="exit">exit</a> <a id="quit">quit</a> <a id="logout">logout</a>

quit, exit, logout 退出登錄

<a id="init">init</a>

切換運(yùn)行級別

init NUM #NUM為：1,2,3,4,5,6
CentOS6 上在/etc/inittabe中定義了各運(yùn)行級別
# Default runlevel. The runlevels used are:
# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) 關(guān)機(jī)
# 1 - Single user mode 單用戶模式
# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) 無網(wǎng)絡(luò)多用戶模式（命令行界面）
# 3 - Full multiuser mode 多用戶模式（命令行界面）
# 4 - unused 未使用，保留
# 5 - X11 圖形界面
# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) 重啟

<a id="runlevel">runlevel</a>

查看當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行級別

# 可以通過runlevel 或 who -r 查看當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行級別
[centos6@root test]# runlevel
[centos6@root test]# who -r
         run-level 5  2017-07-15 06:26
N 5

<a id="shutdown">shutdown</a>

最常用的關(guān)機(jī)或重啟命令

shutdown [options][time] [string]
-r reboot after shutdown 重啟
-h 關(guān)機(jī)
-c 取消關(guān)機(jī)或重啟

 # 立即關(guān)機(jī)
shutdown -h now

# 過5分鐘后關(guān)機(jī)
[centos6@root test]# shutdown -h 5 &
[1] 10237
[centos6@root test]# 
Broadcast message from root@centos6.zhubiao.science
    (/dev/pts/0) at 15:51 ...

The system is going down for halt in 5 minutes!

#取消關(guān)機(jī)
[centos6@root test]# shutdown -c
shutdown: Shutdown cancelled
[1]+  Done                    shutdown -h 5

# 5分鐘后重啟
[centos6@root test]# shutdown -r 5

Broadcast message from root@centos6.zhubiao.science
    (/dev/pts/0) at 15:53 ...

The system is going down for reboot in 5 minutes!

<a id="halt">halt</a> <a id="reboot">reboot</a> <a id="poweroff">pwoeroff</a>

reboot 重啟
halt, poweroff 關(guān)機(jī)

<a id="free">free</a>

顯示當(dāng)前內(nèi)存使用情況

free [options]
-h #human readable output 自動(dòng)確定最佳單位顯示內(nèi)存使用量
-b, -k, -m, -g 以bytes, KB, MB, GB為單位顯示內(nèi)存使用量
-t 最后一行匯總RAM+SWAP內(nèi)存的使用總量
-l

[centos7@root ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           976M        202M        252M         13M        522M        539M
Swap:          2.0G          0B        2.0G

[centos7@root ~]# free -th
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           976M        202M        251M         13M        522M        539M
Swap:          2.0G          0B        2.0G
Total:         3.0G        202M        2.2G

[centos7@root ~]# free -lh
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           976M        202M        251M         13M        522M        539M
Low:           976M        724M        251M
High:            0B          0B          0B
Swap:          2.0G          0B        2.0G

# 也可通過查看內(nèi)核進(jìn)程數(shù)據(jù)來查看內(nèi)存使用情況
[centos7@root ~]# cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:         999964 kB
MemFree:          257648 kB
MemAvailable:     551900 kB
Buffers:            1804 kB
Cached:           390520 kB
SwapCached:            0 kB
Active:           266780 kB
Inactive:         224516 kB
Active(anon):      94740 kB
Inactive(anon):    17896 kB
Active(file):     172040 kB
Inactive(file):   206620 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:       2097148 kB
SwapFree:        2097148 kB
Dirty:                 0 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:         99036 kB
Mapped:            35392 kB
Shmem:             13664 kB
Slab:             142844 kB
SReclaimable:      86632 kB
SUnreclaim:        56212 kB
KernelStack:        4832 kB
PageTables:         7260 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     2597128 kB
Committed_AS:     634440 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:      181824 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359310332 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:      8192 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:       98176 kB
DirectMap2M:      950272 kB

<a id="lsblk">lsblk</a>

列出塊狀設(shè)備大小及掛載點(diǎn)

[centos7@root ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0   50G  0 part /
├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /app
├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part 
└─sda5   8:5    0    2G  0 part [SWAP]
sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  /run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64
[centos7@root ~]# lsblk -d
NAME MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda    8:0    0  200G  0 disk 
sr0   11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  /run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64

<a id="lscpu">lscpu</a>

顯示CPU信息

[centos7@root ~]# lscpu
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                2
On-line CPU(s) list:   0,1
Thread(s) per core:    1
Core(s) per socket:    1
Socket(s):             2
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 58
Model name:            Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-3210M CPU @ 2.50GHz
Stepping:              9
CPU MHz:               2493.686
BogoMIPS:              4988.79
Hypervisor vendor:     VMware
Virtualization type:   full
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              3072K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0,1

#通過內(nèi)核進(jìn)程文件/proc/cpuinfo查看cpu信息
[centos7@root ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor   : 0
vendor_id   : GenuineIntel
cpu family  : 6
model       : 58
model name  : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-3210M CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping    : 9
microcode   : 0x12
cpu MHz     : 2493.686
cache size  : 3072 KB
physical id : 0
siblings    : 1
core id     : 0
cpu cores   : 1
apicid      : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fpu     : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level : 13
wp      : yes
flags       : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq ssse3 cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm ida arat epb pln pts dtherm fsgsbase tsc_adjust smep
bogomips    : 4988.79
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 42 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor   : 1
vendor_id   : GenuineIntel
cpu family  : 6
model       : 58
model name  : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-3210M CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping    : 9
microcode   : 0x12
cpu MHz     : 2493.686
cache size  : 3072 KB
physical id : 2
siblings    : 1
core id     : 0
cpu cores   : 1
apicid      : 2
initial apicid  : 2
fpu     : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level : 13
wp      : yes
flags       : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq ssse3 cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm ida arat epb pln pts dtherm fsgsbase tsc_adjust smep
bogomips    : 4988.79
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 42 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

<a id=".">.</a> <a id="source">source</a>

執(zhí)行shell腳本

#在 /etc/profile.d/env.sh中設(shè)置命令提示符，然后使用. DIR或soruce DIR執(zhí)行腳本，后命令提示符將生效
[~] cat /etc/profile.d/env.sh
export PS1="[\h@\u \W]\\$ "

[~] . /etc/profile.d/env.sh
[centos6@root ~]#

<a id="enable">enable</a>

Enable and disable shell builtins | 啟用或停用SHELL內(nèi)建命令

enable [options][command]
-a 列出所有內(nèi)建命令，不管是否被禁用
-n command 停用命令command

#停用cd命令
[centos6@root ~]# enable -n cd 
[centos6@root ~]# cd
-bash: cd: command not found

[centos6@root ~]# enable -a | grep cd
enable -n cd

#啟用cd命令
[centos6@root ~]# enable cd
[centos6@root ~]# cd ..
[centos6@root /]# cd -
/root

<a id="hash">hash</a>

緩存已執(zhí)行的外部命令的路徑，以便下次使用節(jié)省搜索命令的時(shí)間

hash [options][command]
-d command 從hash緩存中刪除command命令記錄
-r 清空hash 緩存
-l 列出路徑及命令名
-p name #在hash緩存中給路徑起別名

# 查看已緩存的外部命令
[centos6@root ~]# hash 
hits    command
   1    /sbin/ifconfig
   1    /usr/bin/man
   1    /bin/ls
   8    /usr/bin/clear

# 列出緩存的路徑及其命令名
[centos6@root ~]# hash -l
builtin hash -p /sbin/ifconfig ifconfig
builtin hash -p /usr/bin/man man
builtin hash -p /bin/ls ls
builtin hash -p /usr/bin/clear clear

#從hash緩存中刪除命令man
[centos6@root ~]# hash -d man
[centos6@root ~]# hash -l
builtin hash -p /sbin/ifconfig ifconfig
builtin hash -p /bin/ls ls
builtin hash -p /usr/bin/clear clear

#起別名
[centos6@root ~]# hash -p /sbin/ifconfig ifcon
[centos6@root ~]# hash -l
builtin hash -p /sbin/ifconfig ifconfig
builtin hash -p /sbin/ifconfig ifcon
builtin hash -p /bin/ls ls
builtin hash -p /usr/bin/clear clear
[centos6@root ~]# ifcon eth0
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:E3:FB:02  
          inet addr:192.168.17.10  Bcast:192.168.17.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fee3:fb02/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:21356 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:18035 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:1995596 (1.9 MiB)  TX bytes:3239265 (3.0 MiB)

#清空hash緩存
[centos6@root ~]# hash -r
[centos6@root ~]# hash
hash: hash table empty

<a id="alias">alias</a> <a id="unalis">unalis</a>

alias #Define or display aliases 定義別名
alias name="value"
unalias 取消別名
unalias name

#查看以定義的別名
[centos6@root ~]# alias
alias cp='cp -i'
alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias mv='mv -i'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'

#定義別名
[centos6@root ~]# alias grep="grep --color"
[centos6@root ~]# alias
alias cp='cp -i'
alias grep='grep --color'
alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias mv='mv -i'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'

#在配置文件/etc/bashrc中定義別名,所有用戶均生效
[centos6@root ~]# vim /etc/bashrc 
[centos6@root ~]# tail -n 3 /etc/bashrc
#Define alias
alias grep="grep --color"
[centos6@root ~]# . /etc/bashrc 

#在自己家目錄配置文件~/.basrc中定義，只有當(dāng)前用戶生效
[centos6@root ~]# vim ~/.bashrc 
[centos6@root ~]# cat ~/.bashrc
# .bashrc

# User specific aliases and functions

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

<a id="date">date</a>

Print or set system date or time 顯示或設(shè)置系統(tǒng)時(shí)間

date [option][+format]
設(shè)定時(shí)間的兩種方法
date [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
date -s "string"

-d "string"

* string: 
  "1 year"
  "1 year ago"
  "3 years"
  "3 years ago"
  "1 day"
  "1 day ago"
  "3 days"
  "3 days ago"

format
%Y year
%m month
%d day
%H hour
%M minute
%S second
%F fulldate same as %Y-%m-%d
%T time,same as %H:%M:%S

#以不同的格式顯示時(shí)間
[centos6@root ~]# date +%F
2017-07-17
[centos6@root ~]# date +%T
22:57:11
[centos6@root ~]# date "+%F %T"
2017-07-17 22:57:19
[centos6@root ~]# date +"%F %T"
2017-07-17 22:57:27
[centos6@root ~]# date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
2017-07-17 22:57:55

#設(shè)定時(shí)間  [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
[centos6@root ~]# date 062012121990.33
Wed Jun 20 12:12:33 CDT 1990
[centos6@root ~]# date +"%F %T"
1990-06-20 12:12:48

#設(shè)定時(shí)間 date -s STRING
[centos6@root ~]# date -s "20170717 23:03:10"
Mon Jul 17 23:03:10 CST 2017
[centos6@root ~]# date +"%F %T"
2017-07-17 23:03:22

# 當(dāng)前時(shí)間
[centos6@root ~]# date +"%F %T"
2017-07-17 23:09:11
#顯示4年前的日期
[centos6@root ~]# date  -d "4 years ago" +"%F %T"
2013-07-17 23:09:32
#顯示10天前的日期
[centos6@root ~]# date  -d "10 days ago" +"%F %T"
2017-07-07 23:09:52
#顯示10天后的日期
[centos6@root ~]# date  -d "10 days" +"%F %T"
2017-07-27 23:10:01

<a id=clock>clock</a> <a id="hwclock">hwclock</a>

hwclock,clock功能相同，都是設(shè)定硬件時(shí)間

hwclock [options]
- hwclock --set --date="string" #按字符串描述的時(shí)間設(shè)定硬件時(shí)間
- hwclock --systohc #將系統(tǒng)時(shí)間更新到硬件時(shí)間
- hwclock --hctosys #將硬件時(shí)間更新到系統(tǒng)時(shí)間

# clock其實(shí)是hwclock的符號鏈接
[centos6@root ~]# ll /sbin/clock 
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Jul 15 01:17 /sbin/clock -> hwclock

[centos7@root ~]# hwclock
Mon 17 Jul 2017 11:20:50 PM CST  -0.663348 seconds

#設(shè)定硬件時(shí)間
[centos7@root ~]# hwclock --set --date="1990-06-20 10:10:10"
[centos7@root ~]# hwclock ; date
Wed 20 Jun 1990 10:10:24 AM CDT  -0.100626 seconds
Mon Jul 17 23:21:39 CST 2017

[centos7@root ~]# hwclock --systohc
[centos7@root ~]# hwclock ; date
Mon 17 Jul 2017 11:22:01 PM CST  -0.944138 seconds
Mon Jul 17 23:22:00 CST 2017
[centos7@root ~]# date -s "19900620" +%F
1990-06-20

[centos7@root ~]# hwclock --hctosys
[centos7@root ~]# hwclock ; date
Mon 17 Jul 2017 11:22:58 PM CST  -0.411873 seconds
Mon Jul 17 23:22:57 CST 2017

<a id="cal">cal</a>

Display a calendar | 顯示日歷

cal [options][[[day], month], year]
-1 顯示一個(gè)月
-3 display prev/current/next month

[centos6@root ~]# cal
      July 2017     
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
                   1
 2  3  4  5  6  7  8
 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
[centos6@root ~]# cal 20 06 1990
      June 1990     
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
                1  2
 3  4  5  6  7  8  9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30

<a id="history">history</a>

Display or manipulate the history list | 顯示或操作命令歷史
從登錄開始所操作的命令歷史若沒有人為追加至命令歷史文件中，則存在于內(nèi)存中，當(dāng)用戶退出登錄時(shí)自動(dòng)追加至命令歷史文件中
命令歷史文件~/.bash_history, m

命令歷史大小，顯示受以下變量控制
這些變量要永久生效需將其寫入配置文件中/etc/profile，~/.bash_profile
- HISTFILE #定義了命令歷史文件的位置
- HISTSIZE #定義內(nèi)存中命令歷史記錄的最大數(shù)量
- HISTFILESIZE #定義命令歷史文件中存放記錄的最大數(shù)量
- HISTCONTROL
  - ignoredups #連續(xù)重復(fù)的命令只記錄一條
  - ignorespace #命令執(zhí)行前有空白的，不記錄
  - ignoreboth #上面兩條同時(shí)生效
- HISTTIMEFORMAT ="%F %T" 定義命令歷史記錄中顯示的時(shí)間格式
- HISTIGNORE="str*" #以str開頭的命令不記錄
history [options][name]
-c 清空當(dāng)前內(nèi)存中的命令歷史
-d NAME 從內(nèi)存中刪除某條命令歷史記錄
-a 將內(nèi)存中未從文件中讀取，新產(chǎn)生的命令歷史記錄追加至文件中
-w 將當(dāng)前內(nèi)存中的命令歷史覆蓋命令歷史文件
-p 不將當(dāng)前執(zhí)行的擴(kuò)展命令記錄至命令歷史中

# 默認(rèn)HISTSIZE為1000,在/etc/profile中定義了其大小
[centos6@root ~]# echo $HISTSIZE
1000
[centos6@root ~]# cat /etc/profile | grep HISTSIZE
HISTSIZE=1000
export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL

[centos6@root ~]# echo $HISTFILESIZE
1000

[centos6@root ~]# history | tail -n 10
  445  help history
  446  clear
  447  history 
  448  history -d clear
  449  history -d 440
  450  clear
  451  pwd
  452  ifconfig
  453  hostname
  454  history | tail -n 10

[centos6@root ~]# history -d 450
[centos6@root ~]# history | tail -n 10
  446  clear
  447  history 
  448  history -d clear
  449  history -d 440
  450  pwd
  451  ifconfig
  452  hostname
  453  history | tail -n 10
  454  history -d 450
  455  history | tail -n 10

[centos6@root ~]# history -c
[centos6@root ~]# history
    1  history

[centos6@root ~]# cat ~/.bash
.bash_history  .bash_logout   .bash_profile  .bashrc        
[centos6@root ~]# cat ~/.bash_history 
history -r
。。。
[centos6@root ~]# cat ~/.bash_history | wc -l
356

# -a 追加
[centos6@root ~]# history -a
[centos6@root ~]# cat ~/.bash_history | wc -l
363
[centos6@root ~]# clear
[centos6@root ~]# history -c
[centos6@root ~]# history
    1  history

# -w  覆蓋
[centos6@root ~]# history -w
[centos6@root ~]# cat ~/.bash_history | wc -l
2

<a id="rz">rz</a> <a id="">sz</a>

rz, sz 是在安裝了lrzsz程序包后產(chǎn)生的兩個(gè)工具，用于與windows系統(tǒng)互傳文件

rz #從widows系統(tǒng)上選擇需上傳至linux的文件
sz FILE #將FILE從Liux中下載至windows系統(tǒng)

<a id="ldd">ldd</a>

Print shared library dependencies | 顯示命令所依賴的共享庫

ldd command

[centos6@root ~]# ldd /bin/ls
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fffccfa2000)
    libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00000030d2e00000)
    librt.so.1 => /lib64/librt.so.1 (0x00000030d1e00000)
    libcap.so.2 => /lib64/libcap.so.2 (0x00000030d8200000)
    libacl.so.1 => /lib64/libacl.so.1 (0x00000030dc600000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00000030d1600000)
    libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00000030d1200000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00000030d0e00000)
    libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00000030d1a00000)
    libattr.so.1 => /lib64/libattr.so.1 (0x00000030dbe00000)

[centos6@root ~]# ldd /bin/cat
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffe611f0000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00000030d1600000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00000030d0e00000)

<a id="uname">uname</a>

Print system information | 顯示系統(tǒng)版本信息

uname [option]
-a 顯示所有
-r 內(nèi)核版本
查看發(fā)現(xiàn)版本號可通過查看以下兩個(gè)文件
/etc/redhat-release
/etc/centos-release

[centos6@root ~]# uname 
Linux

[centos6@root ~]# uname -a
Linux centos6.zhubiao.science 2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Mar 21 19:29:05 UTC 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

[centos6@root ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS release 6.9 (Final)

[centos6@root ~]# cat /etc/centos-release 
CentOS release 6.9 (Final)

<a id="timedatectl">timedatectl</a>

Control the system time and date 顯示、設(shè)定時(shí)間(centos7)

timedatectl [options]
set-time string 設(shè)定時(shí)間
set-ntp bool 是否啟用ntp同步時(shí)間
list-timezones #列出所有時(shí)區(qū)
set-timezone #設(shè)定時(shí)區(qū)

對于centos7系統(tǒng)，修改時(shí)區(qū)其實(shí)是修改了/etc/localtime的符號鏈接指向，centos6也可以通過直接修改鏈接指向達(dá)到修改時(shí)區(qū)的目的

以下為CentOS7上的操作
設(shè)定時(shí)間
[centos7@root ~]# timedatectl set-time "2017-07-18 15:35:00"
#查看當(dāng)前時(shí)區(qū)設(shè)置為上海
[centos7@root ~]# ll /etc/localtime
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Jul 17 20:01 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai 

[centos7@root ~]# timedatectl list-timezones | grep New_York
America/New_York

#設(shè)定時(shí)區(qū)為New_York
[centos7@root ~]# timedatectl set-timezone America/New_York
[centos7@root ~]# date
Mon Jul 17 21:12:38 EDT 2017
[centos7@root ~]# ll /etc/localtime 
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 38 Jul 17 21:12 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York

# 對于CentOS6系統(tǒng)直接建立符號鏈接指向相應(yīng)的時(shí)區(qū)即可，操作前備份原文件
[centos6@root ~]# ll /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York 
-rw-r--r--. 3 root root 3519 Dec  1  2016 /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York
[centos6@root ~]# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York /etc/localtime

<a id="screen">screen</a>

要求同一個(gè)用戶，同一臺主機(jī)
screen非常有用的一個(gè)工具，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多人在同一個(gè)會(huì)話中操作Linux，實(shí)現(xiàn)字符界面的共享，當(dāng)你由于各種原因?qū)е峦顺鰰?huì)話，會(huì)話中所運(yùn)行的程序并不會(huì)結(jié)束，仍然繼續(xù)運(yùn)行

screen [options]
-S name #創(chuàng)建名為name的會(huì)話
-x name #加入name會(huì)話
ctrl+a, d #脫離會(huì)話
-r #恢復(fù)會(huì)話
exit 結(jié)束會(huì)話
-ls 列出會(huì)話

#創(chuàng)建會(huì)話
[centos6@root ~]# screen -S zb10
#列出現(xiàn)發(fā)起的會(huì)話
[centos6@root ~]# screen -ls
There is a screen on:
    50753.zb10  (Attached)
1 Socket in /var/run/screen/S-root.

#加入會(huì)話
screen -x zb10

# 脫離會(huì)話
同時(shí)按下ctrl+a, 再按d

#再加入剛脫離的會(huì)話
[centos6@root ~]# screen -r

#退出會(huì)話
[centos6@root ~]# exit

2017-07-18_095843.png

<a id="chvt">chvt</a>

虛擬終端之間互相切換，或圖形終端上開啟的偽終端與虛擬終端之間的切換

chvt NUM #NUM終端號1-6

[centos6@root ~]# chvt 1

<a id="script">script</a> <a id="scriptreplay">scriptreplay</a>

script
make typescript of terminal session | 錄屏（字符界面）
-o script_file 將錄制的內(nèi)容存放于文件中
-t 時(shí)間通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錯(cuò)誤輸出到屏幕，可通過重定向到到文件中2>time_file
exit 退出錄屏
scriptreplay 回放
scriptreplay time_file script_file
playback typescripts, using time information

#開始錄屏
[centos6@root ~]# script -a script_file -t 2>time_file 
Script started, file is script_file
[centos6@root ~]# pwd
/root
[centos6@root ~]# ls
1.log  a                Desktop      install.log.syslog  Pictures     test
1.txt  anaconda-ks.cfg  Documents    localtime           Public       time_file
2.txt  a.tar            Downloads    man.1               script_file  typescript
3.txt  core.3283        install.log  Music               Templates    Videos
[centos6@root ~]# exit #退出錄屏
exit
Script done, file is script_file

#回放，下面除了第一條回放操作命令以外，其它的操作均是回放
[centos6@root ~]# scriptreplay time_file script_file 
[centos6@root ~]# pwd
/root
[centos6@root ~]# ls
1.log  a                Desktop      install.log.syslog  Pictures     test
1.txt  anaconda-ks.cfg  Documents    localtime           Public       time_file
2.txt  a.tar            Downloads    man.1               script_file  typescript
3.txt  core.3283        install.log  Music               Templates    Videos
[centos6@root ~]# exit[centos6@root ~]#

<a id="man">man</a>

查看外部命令的幫助文檔

man command
man 手冊配置文件位置
centos6 /etc/man.config
centos7 /etc/man_db.conf

<a id="touch">touch</a>

Change file timestamps | 修改文件時(shí)間戳

touch [options] file

不指定選項(xiàng)則同時(shí)修改atime,mtime,ctime為當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)時(shí)間，若指定-d,或-t 則修改atime和mtime

-a change only the access time 僅修改訪問時(shí)間(指定時(shí)間)，取當(dāng)前時(shí)間則同時(shí)修改atime,ctime

-m change only the modification 僅修改訪問時(shí)間(指定時(shí)間),取當(dāng)前時(shí)間則同時(shí)修改mtime,ctime

-d "Time_String" 指定修改的時(shí)間，不指定則取當(dāng)前時(shí)間

-t [[CC]YY]mmddHHMM.[SS] 修改atime 和 mtime

[centos7@root ~]# stat destination.txt | tail -n 4
Access: 2017-07-19 08:06:07.188923685 +0800
Modify: 2017-07-16 13:49:13.717259219 +0800
Change: 2017-07-16 13:49:13.717259219 +0800

 # 不指定任何選項(xiàng)，修改atime,mtime,ctime的時(shí)間為當(dāng)前時(shí)間
[centos7@root ~]# touch destination.txt 
[centos7@root ~]# stat destination.txt | tail -n 4
Access: 2017-07-20 08:21:19.069932595 +0800
Modify: 2017-07-20 08:21:19.069932595 +0800
Change: 2017-07-20 08:21:19.069932595 +0800

[centos7@root ~]# stat 3.txt
 。。。
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0
Access: 2017-07-19 08:06:07.183923685 +0800
Modify: 2017-07-17 13:47:26.513884898 +0800
Change: 2017-07-17 13:47:26.513884898 +0800

# -d 指定特定時(shí)間，則修改atime和mtime
[centos7@root ~]# touch -d "20191010" 3.txt
[centos7@root ~]# stat 3.txt | tail -n 4
Access: 2019-10-10 00:00:00.000000000 +0800
Modify: 2019-10-10 00:00:00.000000000 +0800
Change: 2017-07-20 08:22:31.254930888 +0800

# -a,-m若不指定時(shí)間則，即去當(dāng)前時(shí)間，則分別修改atime、ctime和mtime、ctime,若和-d,-t配合使用，則僅修改atime和mtime
[centos7@root ~]# stat cat.bk | tail -n 4
Access: 2017-07-19 08:06:07.187923685 +0800
Modify: 2017-07-16 11:06:02.177594191 +0800
Change: 2017-07-16 11:06:02.177594191 +0800

[centos7@root ~]# touch -a -d "19900620" cat.bk
[centos7@root ~]# stat cat.bk | tail -n 4
Access: 1990-06-20 00:00:00.000000000 +0900
Modify: 2017-07-16 11:06:02.177594191 +0800
Change: 2017-07-20 08:26:12.297925663 +0800

[centos7@root ~]# touch -m cat.bk; stat cat.bk | tail -n 4
Access: 1990-06-20 00:00:00.000000000 +0900
Modify: 2017-07-20 08:27:32.736923762 +0800
Change: 2017-07-20 08:27:32.736923762 +0800

# 同時(shí)修改atime和mtime
[centos7@root ~]# stat etc.tar | tail -n 4
Access: 2017-07-19 08:06:07.192923685 +0800
Modify: 2017-07-18 17:00:01.774825466 +0800
Change: 2017-07-18 17:00:01.774825466 +0800
[centos7@root ~]# touch -t 199006201010.10 etc.tar 
[centos7@root ~]# stat etc.tar | tail -n 4
Access: 1990-06-20 10:10:10.000000000 +0900
Modify: 1990-06-20 10:10:10.000000000 +0900
Change: 2017-07-20 08:35:25.104912595 +0800

<a id="tree">tree</a>

-L NUM #指定所列目錄層次

[centos7@root app]# tree
.
├── dir1
│   └── a
│       └── bc
└── dir2

4 directories, 0 files
# 列出第一層目錄
[centos7@root app]# tree -L 1
.
├── dir1
└── dir2

2 directories, 0 files

<a id="ln">ln</a>

創(chuàng)建鏈接

ln [options] TAREGET LINK_NAME

不加選項(xiàng)則創(chuàng)建硬鏈接

-s 創(chuàng)建符號鏈接（軟鏈接）

#創(chuàng)建符號鏈接
[centos7@root app]# tree
.
├── dir1
│   └── a
│       └── bc
└── dir2

4 directories, 0 files
[centos7@root app]# cd dir2
[centos7@root dir2]# ln -s dir1/a/bc ../bc.link 
[centos7@root dir2]# cd ..
[centos7@root app]# tree
.
├── bc.link -> dir1/a/bc
├── dir1
│   └── a
│       └── bc
└── dir2

5 directories, 0 files

#創(chuàng)建硬鏈接
[centos7@root app]# ln 1.txt 1.ln
[centos7@root app]# ll -i ./*
67 -rw-r--r--. 2 root root 0 Jul 20 09:06 ./1.ln
67 -rw-r--r--. 2 root root 0 Jul 20 09:06 ./1.txt

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Linux基礎(chǔ)命令 2017-07-12日課

基礎(chǔ)操作

文件、目錄、磁盤、文件系統(tǒng)

用戶和組

<a href="#id">id</a> <a href="#getent">getent</a>

BASHELL 特性

<a href="#echo">echo</a> <a href="#history">history</a> <a href="#hash">hash</a> <a href="#history">history</a>

網(wǎng)絡(luò)屬性

<a href="#ifconfig">ifconfig</a> <a href="#ping">ping</a> <a href="#rz">rz</a> <a href="#sz">sz</a>

系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)，關(guān)機(jī)

<a href="#exit">exit</a> <a href="#logout">logout</a> <a href="#init">init</a> <a href="#quit">quit</a> <a href="#reboot">reboot</a> <a href="#shutdown">shutdown</a> <a href="#runlevel">runlevel</a> <a href="#halt">halt</a> <a href="#poweroff">poweroff</a>

進(jìn)程

<a href="#free">free</a> <a href="#lsblk">lsblk</a> <a href="# lscpu"> lscpu</a>

程序包管理

<a href="#rpm">rpm</a> <a href="#.">.</a> <a href="#source">source</a>

<a id="clear">clear</a>

<a id="hostname">hostname</a>

<a id="tty">tty</a>

<a id="who">who</a>

<a id="whoami">whoami</a>

<a id="w">w</a>

<a id="whatis">whatis</a>

<a id="which">which</a>

<a id="whereis">whereis</a>

<a id="cd">cd</a>

<a id="pwd">pwd</a>

<a id="ls">ls</a>

<a id="cat">cat</a>

<a id="tac">tac</a>

<a id="nl">nl</a>

<a id="head">head</a>

<a id="tail">tail</a>

<a id="less">less<a>

<a id="more">more</a>

<a id="hexdump">hexdump</a>

<a id="od">od</a>

<a id="cp">cp</a>

<a id="mv">mv</a>

<a id="rm">rm</a>

<a id="mkdir">mkdir</a>

<a id="rmdir">rmdir</a>

<a id="dd">id</a>

<a id="gedit">gedit</a>

<a id="nano">nano</a>

<a id="file">file</a>

<a id="type">type</a>

<a id="id">id</a>

<a id="getent">getent</a>

<a id="iconv">iconv</a>

<a id="echo">echo</a>

<a id="history">history</a>

<a id="ifconfig">ifconfig</a>

<a id="ping">ping</a>

<a id="exit">exit</a> <a id="quit">quit</a> <a id="logout">logout</a>

<a id="init">init</a>

<a id="runlevel">runlevel</a>

<a id="shutdown">shutdown</a>

<a id="halt">halt</a> <a id="reboot">reboot</a> <a id="poweroff">pwoeroff</a>

<a id="free">free</a>

<a id="lsblk">lsblk</a>

<a id="lscpu">lscpu</a>

<a id=".">.</a> <a id="source">source</a>

<a id="enable">enable</a>

<a id="hash">hash</a>

<a id="alias">alias</a> <a id="unalis">unalis</a>

<a id="date">date</a>

<a id=clock>clock</a> <a id="hwclock">hwclock</a>

<a id="cal">cal</a>

<a id="history">history</a>

<a id="rz">rz</a> <a id="">sz</a>

<a id="ldd">ldd</a>

<a id="uname">uname</a>

<a id="timedatectl">timedatectl</a>

<a id="screen">screen</a>

<a id="chvt">chvt</a>

<a id="script">script</a> <a id="scriptreplay">scriptreplay</a>

<a id="man">man</a>

<a id="touch">touch</a>

<a id="tree">tree</a>

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文件、目錄、磁盤、文件系統(tǒng)

系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)，關(guān)機(jī)