Numpy是用Python做數(shù)據(jù)分析所必須要掌握的基礎(chǔ)庫之一，它可以用來存儲和處理大型矩陣，并且Numpy提供了許多高級的數(shù)值編程工具，如：矩陣數(shù)據(jù)類型、矢量處理，以及精密的運(yùn)算庫，專為進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的數(shù)字處理而產(chǎn)生。
本文內(nèi)容由科賽網(wǎng)翻譯整理自Github開源項(xiàng)目(部分題目保留了原文作參考)，建議讀者完成科賽網(wǎng)?Numpy快速上手指南 --- 基礎(chǔ)篇?和?Numpy快速上手指南 --- 進(jìn)階篇?這兩篇教程的學(xué)習(xí)之后，再對此教程進(jìn)行調(diào)試學(xué)習(xí)。
以下為100道Numpy習(xí)題及答案
1. 導(dǎo)入numpy庫并簡寫為 np
(提示: import … as …)
In [ ]:
# import numpy as np
2. 打印numpy的版本和配置說明
(提示: np.__version__, np.show_config)
In [ ]:
# print(np.__version__)
# np.show_config()
3. 創(chuàng)建一個長度為10的空向量
(提示: np.zeros)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.zeros(10)
# print(Z)
4. 如何找到任何一個數(shù)組的內(nèi)存大小？
(提示: size, itemsize)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.zeros((10,10))
# print("%d bytes" % (Z.size * Z.itemsize))
5. 如何從命令行得到numpy中add函數(shù)的說明文檔?
(提示:?http://np.info)
In [ ]:
#?http://numpy.info(numpy.add)
6. 創(chuàng)建一個長度為10并且除了第五個值為1的空向量
(提示: array[4])
In [ ]:
# Z = np.zeros(10)
# Z[4] = 1
# print(Z)
7. 創(chuàng)建一個值域范圍從10到49的向量
(提示: np.arange)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(10,50)
# print(Z)
8. 反轉(zhuǎn)一個向量(第一個元素變?yōu)樽詈笠粋€)
(提示: array[::-1])
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(50)
# Z = Z[::-1]
# print(Z)
9. 創(chuàng)建一個 3x3 并且值從0到8的矩陣
(提示: reshape)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
# print(Z)
10. 找到數(shù)組[1,2,0,0,4,0]中非0元素的位置索引
(提示: np.nonzero)
In [ ]:
# nz = np.nonzero([1,2,0,0,4,0])
# print(nz)
11. 創(chuàng)建一個 3x3 的單位矩陣
(提示: np.eye)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.eye(3)
# print(Z)
12. 創(chuàng)建一個 3x3x3的隨機(jī)數(shù)組
(提示: np.random.random)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.random((3,3,3))
# print(Z)
13. 創(chuàng)建一個 10x10 的隨機(jī)數(shù)組并找到它的最大值和最小值
(提示: min, max)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.random((10,10))
# Zmin, Zmax = Z.min(), Z.max()
# print(Zmin, Zmax)
14. 創(chuàng)建一個長度為30的隨機(jī)向量并找到它的平均值
(提示: mean)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.random(30)
# m = Z.mean()
# print(m)
15.創(chuàng)建一二維數(shù)組，其中邊界值為1，其余值為0
(提示: array[1:-1, 1:-1])
In [ ]:
# Z = np.ones((10,10))
# Z[1:-1,1:-1] = 0
# print(Z)
16. 對于一個存在在數(shù)組，如何添加一個用0填充的邊界?
(提示: np.pad)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.ones((5,5))
# Z = np.pad(Z, pad_width=1, mode='constant', constant_values=0)
# print(Z)
17. 以下表達(dá)式運(yùn)行的結(jié)果分別是什么?
(提示: NaN = not a number, inf = infinity)
0*np.nan
np.nan==np.nan
np.inf>np.nan
np.nan-np.nan
0.3==3*0.1
In [ ]:
# print(0 * np.nan)
In [ ]:
# print(np.nan == np.nan)
In [ ]:
# print(np.inf > np.nan)
In [ ]:
# print(np.nan - np.nan)
In [ ]:
# print(0.3 == 3 * 0.1)
18. 創(chuàng)建一個 5x5的矩陣，并設(shè)置值1,2,3,4落在其對角線下方位置
(提示: np.diag)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.diag(1+np.arange(4),k=-1)
# print(Z)
19. 創(chuàng)建一個8x8 的矩陣，并且設(shè)置成棋盤樣式
(提示: array[::2])
In [ ]:
# Z = np.zeros((8,8),dtype=int)
#Z[1::2,::2] = 1
# Z[::2,1::2] = 1
# print(Z)
20. 考慮一個 (6,7,8) 形狀的數(shù)組，其第100個元素的索引(x,y,z)是什么?
(提示: np.unravel_index)
In [ ]:
# print(np.unravel_index(100,(6,7,8)))
21. 用tile函數(shù)去創(chuàng)建一個 8x8的棋盤樣式矩陣
(提示: np.tile)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.tile( np.array([[0,1],[1,0]]), (4,4))
# print(Z)
22. 對一個5x5的隨機(jī)矩陣做歸一化
(提示: (x - min) / (max - min))
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.random((5,5))
# Zmax, Zmin = Z.max(), Z.min()
# Z = (Z - Zmin)/(Zmax - Zmin)
# print(Z)
23. 創(chuàng)建一個將顏色描述為(RGBA)四個無符號字節(jié)的自定義dtype？
(提示: np.dtype)
In [ ]:
# color = np.dtype([("r", np.ubyte, 1),
# ("g", np.ubyte, 1),
# ("b", np.ubyte, 1),
# ("a", np.ubyte, 1)])
# color
24. 一個5x3的矩陣與一個3x2的矩陣相乘，實(shí)矩陣乘積是什么？
(提示: np.dot | @)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.dot(np.ones((5,3)), np.ones((3,2)))
# print(Z)
25. 給定一個一維數(shù)組，對其在3到8之間的所有元素取反
(提示: >, <=)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(11)
# Z[(3 < Z) & (Z <= 8)] *= -1
# print(Z)
26. 下面腳本運(yùn)行后的結(jié)果是什么?
(提示: np.sum)
In [ ]:
# print(sum(range(5),-1))
In [ ]:
# from numpy import *
# print(sum(range(5),-1))
27. 考慮一個整數(shù)向量Z,下列表達(dá)合法的是哪個?
Z**Z
2<<Z>>2
Z<-Z
1j*Z
Z/1/1
Z<Z>Z
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(5)
# Z ** Z # legal
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(5)
# 2 << Z >> 2 # false
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(5)
# Z <- Z # legal
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(5)
# 1j*Z # legal
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(5)
# Z/1/1 # legal
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(5)
# Z<Z>Z # false
28. 下列表達(dá)式的結(jié)果分別是什么?
np.array(0) /np.array(0)
np.array(0) //np.array(0)
np.array([np.nan]).astype(int).astype(float)
In [ ]:
# print(np.array(0) / np.array(0))
In [ ]:
# print(np.array(0) // np.array(0))
In [ ]:
# print(np.array([np.nan]).astype(int).astype(float))
29. 如何從零位對浮點(diǎn)數(shù)組做舍入 ?
(提示: np.uniform, np.copysign, np.ceil, np.abs)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.uniform(-10,+10,10)
# print (np.copysign(np.ceil(np.abs(Z)), Z))
30. 如何找到兩個數(shù)組中的共同元素?
(提示: np.intersect1d)
In [ ]:
# Z1 = np.random.randint(0,10,10)
# Z2 = np.random.randint(0,10,10)
# print(np.intersect1d(Z1,Z2))
31. 如何忽略所有的 numpy 警告(盡管不建議這么做)?
(提示: np.seterr, np.errstate)
# Suicide mode on
defaults=np.seterr(all="ignore")
Z=np.ones(1) /0
# Back to sanity
_=np.seterr(**defaults)
Anequivalentway,?withacontextmanager:
withnp.errstate(divide='ignore'):
Z=np.ones(1) /0
32. 下面的表達(dá)式是正確的嗎?
(提示: imaginary number)
np.sqrt(-1) ==np.emath.sqrt(-1)
In [ ]:
# np.sqrt(-1) == np.emath.sqrt(-1) # False
33. 如何得到昨天，今天，明天的日期?
(提示: np.datetime64, np.timedelta64)
In [ ]:
# yesterday = np.datetime64('today', 'D') - np.timedelta64(1, 'D')
# today = np.datetime64('today', 'D')
# tomorrow = np.datetime64('today', 'D') + np.timedelta64(1, 'D')
# print ("Yesterday is " + str(yesterday))
# print ("Today is " + str(today))
# print ("Tomorrow is "+ str(tomorrow))
34. 如何得到所有與2016年7月對應(yīng)的日期？
(提示: np.arange(dtype=datetime64['D']))
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange('2016-07', '2016-08', dtype='datetime64[D]')
# print(Z)
35. 如何直接在位計算(A+B)\*(-A/2)(不建立副本)?
(提示: np.add(out=), np.negative(out=), np.multiply(out=), np.divide(out=))
In [ ]:
# A = np.ones(3)*1
# B = np.ones(3)*2
# C = np.ones(3)*3
# np.add(A,B,out=B)
In [ ]:
# np.divide(A,2,out=A)
In [ ]:
# np.negative(A,out=A)
In [ ]:
# np.multiply(A,B,out=A)
36. 用五種不同的方法去提取一個隨機(jī)數(shù)組的整數(shù)部分
(提示: %, np.floor, np.ceil, astype, np.trunc)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.uniform(0,10,10)
# print (Z - Z%1)
In [ ]:
# print (np.floor(Z))
In [ ]:
# print (np.ceil(Z)-1)
In [ ]:
# print (Z.astype(int))
In [ ]:
# print (np.trunc(Z))
37. 創(chuàng)建一個5x5的矩陣，其中每行的數(shù)值范圍從0到4
(提示: np.arange)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.zeros((5,5))
# Z += np.arange(5)
# print (Z)
38. 通過考慮一個可生成10個整數(shù)的函數(shù)，來構(gòu)建一個數(shù)組
(提示: np.fromiter)
In [ ]:
# def generate():
# for x in range(10):
# yield x
# Z = np.fromiter(generate(),dtype=float,count=-1)
# print (Z)
39. 創(chuàng)建一個長度為10的隨機(jī)向量，其值域范圍從0到1，但是不包括0和1
(提示: np.linspace)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.linspace(0,1,11,endpoint=False)[1:]
# print (Z)
40. 創(chuàng)建一個長度為10的隨機(jī)向量，并將其排序
(提示: sort)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.random(10)
# Z.sort()
# print (Z)
41.對于一個小數(shù)組，如何用比 np.sum更快的方式對其求和？
(提示: np.add.reduce)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(10)
# np.add.reduce(Z)
42. 對于兩個隨機(jī)數(shù)組A和B，檢查它們是否相等
(提示: np.allclose, np.array_equal)
In [ ]:
# A = np.random.randint(0,2,5)
# B = np.random.randint(0,2,5)
# # Assuming identical shape of the arrays and a tolerance for the comparison of values
# equal = np.allclose(A,B)
# print(equal)
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# # Checking both the shape and the element values, no tolerance (values have to be exactly equal)
# equal = np.array_equal(A,B)
# print(equal)
43. 創(chuàng)建一個只讀數(shù)組(read-only)
(提示: flags.writeable)
# 使用如下過程實(shí)現(xiàn)
Z=np.zeros(10)
Z.flags.writeable=False
Z[0] =1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueErrorTraceback(mostrecentcalllast)
in()
1Z=np.zeros(10)
2Z.flags.writeable=False
---->3Z[0] =1
ValueError: assignmentdestinationisread-only
44. 將笛卡爾坐標(biāo)下的一個10x2的矩陣轉(zhuǎn)換為極坐標(biāo)形式
(hint: np.sqrt, np.arctan2)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.random((10,2))
# X,Y = Z[:,0], Z[:,1]
# R = np.sqrt(X**2+Y**2)
# T = np.arctan2(Y,X)
# print (R)
# print (T)
45. 創(chuàng)建一個長度為10的向量，并將向量中最大值替換為1
(提示: argmax)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.random(10)
# Z[Z.argmax()] = 0
# print (Z)
46. 創(chuàng)建一個結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)組，并實(shí)現(xiàn) x 和 y 坐標(biāo)覆蓋 [0,1]x[0,1] 區(qū)域
(提示: np.meshgrid)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.zeros((5,5), [('x',float),('y',float)])
# Z['x'], Z['y'] = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(0,1,5),
# np.linspace(0,1,5))
# print(Z)
47. 給定兩個數(shù)組X和Y，構(gòu)造Cauchy矩陣C (Cij =1/(xi - yj))
(提示: np.subtract.outer)
In [ ]:
# X = np.arange(8)
# Y = X + 0.5
# C = 1.0 / np.subtract.outer(X, Y)
# print(np.linalg.det(C))
48. 打印每個numpy標(biāo)量類型的最小值和最大值？
(提示: np.iinfo, np.finfo, eps)
In [ ]:
# for dtype in [np.int8, np.int32, np.int64]:
# print(np.iinfo(dtype).min)
# print(np.iinfo(dtype).max)
# for dtype in [np.float32, np.float64]:
# print(np.finfo(dtype).min)
# print(np.finfo(dtype).max)
# print(np.finfo(dtype).eps)
49. 如何打印一個數(shù)組中的所有數(shù)值?
(提示: np.set_printoptions)
In [ ]:
# np.set_printoptions(threshold=np.nan)
# Z = np.zeros((16,16))
# print (Z)
50. 給定標(biāo)量時，如何找到數(shù)組中最接近標(biāo)量的值？
(提示: argmin)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(100)
# v = np.random.uniform(0,100)
# index = (np.abs(Z-v)).argmin()
# print (Z[index])
51. 創(chuàng)建一個表示位置(x,y)和顏色(r,g,b)的結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)組
(提示: dtype)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.zeros(10, [ ('position', [ ('x', float, 1),
# ('y', float, 1)]),
# ('color', [ ('r', float, 1),
# ('g', float, 1),
# ('b', float, 1)])])
# print (Z)
52. 對一個表示坐標(biāo)形狀為(100,2)的隨機(jī)向量，找到點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)的距離
(提示: np.atleast_2d, T, np.sqrt)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.random((10,2))
# X,Y = np.atleast_2d(Z[:,0], Z[:,1])
# D = np.sqrt( (X-X.T)**2 + (Y-Y.T)**2)
# print (D)
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# # Much faster with scipy
# import scipy
# # Thanks Gavin Heverly-Coulson (#issue 1)
# import scipy.spatial
# D = scipy.spatial.distance.cdist(Z,Z)
# print (D)
53. 如何將32位的浮點(diǎn)數(shù)(float)轉(zhuǎn)換為對應(yīng)的整數(shù)(integer)?
(提示: astype(copy=False))
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(10, dtype=np.int32)
# Z = Z.astype(np.float32, copy=False)
# print (Z)
54. 如何讀取以下文件?
(提示: np.genfromtxt)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6, , , 7, 8
, , 9,10,11
55. 對于numpy數(shù)組，enumerate的等價操作是什么？
(提示: np.ndenumerate, np.ndindex)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
# for index, value in np.ndenumerate(Z):
# print (index, value)
# for index in np.ndindex(Z.shape):
# print (index, Z[index])
56. 生成一個通用的二維Gaussian-like數(shù)組
(提示: np.meshgrid, np.exp)
In [ ]:
# X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-1,1,10), np.linspace(-1,1,10))
# D = np.sqrt(X*X+Y*Y)
# sigma, mu = 1.0, 0.0
# G = np.exp(-( (D-mu)**2 / ( 2.0 * sigma**2 ) ) )
# print (G)
57. 對一個二維數(shù)組，如何在其內(nèi)部隨機(jī)放置p個元素?
(提示: np.put, np.random.choice)
In [ ]:
# n = 10
# p = 3
# Z = np.zeros((n,n))
# np.put(Z, np.random.choice(range(n*n), p, replace=False),1)
# print (Z)
58. 減去一個矩陣中的每一行的平均值
(提示: mean(axis=,keepdims=))
In [ ]:
# X = np.random.rand(5, 10)
# # Recent versions of numpy
# Y = X - X.mean(axis=1, keepdims=True)
# print(Y)
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# # Older versions of numpy
# Y = X - X.mean(axis=1).reshape(-1, 1)
# print (Y)
59. 如何通過第n列對一個數(shù)組進(jìn)行排序?
(提示: argsort)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.randint(0,10,(3,3))
# print (Z)
# print (Z[Z[:,1].argsort()])
60. 如何檢查一個二維數(shù)組是否有空列？
(提示: any, ~)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.randint(0,3,(3,10))
# print ((~Z.any(axis=0)).any())
61. 從數(shù)組中的給定值中找出最近的值
(提示: np.abs, argmin, flat)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.uniform(0,1,10)
# z = 0.5
# m = Z.flat[np.abs(Z - z).argmin()]
# print (m)
62. 如何用迭代器(iterator)計算兩個分別具有形狀(1,3)和(3,1)的數(shù)組?
(提示: np.nditer)
In [ ]:
# A = np.arange(3).reshape(3,1)
# B = np.arange(3).reshape(1,3)
# it = np.nditer([A,B,None])
# for x,y,z in it:
# z[...] = x + y
# print (it.operands[2])
63. 創(chuàng)建一個具有name屬性的數(shù)組類
(提示: class方法)
In [ ]:
# class NamedArray(np.ndarray):
# def __new__(cls, array, name="no name"):
# obj = np.asarray(array).view(cls)
# obj.name = name
# return obj
# def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
# if obj is None: return
#?http://self.info?= getattr(obj, 'name', "no name")
# Z = NamedArray(np.arange(10), "range_10")
# print (Z.name)
64. 考慮一個給定的向量，如何對由第二個向量索引的每個元素加1(小心重復(fù)的索引)?
(提示: np.bincount | np.add.at)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.ones(10)
# I = np.random.randint(0,len(Z),20)
# Z += np.bincount(I, minlength=len(Z))
# print(Z)
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# np.add.at(Z, I, 1)
# print(Z)
65. 根據(jù)索引列表(I)，如何將向量(X)的元素累加到數(shù)組(F)?
(提示: np.bincount)
In [ ]:
# X = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
# I = [1,3,9,3,4,1]
# F = np.bincount(I,X)
# print (F)
66. 考慮一個(dtype=ubyte) 的 (w,h,3)圖像，計算其唯一顏色的數(shù)量
(提示: np.unique)
In [ ]:
# w,h = 16,16
# I = np.random.randint(0,2,(h,w,3)).astype(np.ubyte)
# #Note that we should compute 256*256 first.
# #Otherwise numpy will only promote F.dtype to 'uint16' and overfolw will occur
# F = I[...,0]*(256*256) + I[...,1]*256 +I[...,2]
# n = len(np.unique(F))
# print (n)
67. 考慮一個四維數(shù)組，如何一次性計算出最后兩個軸(axis)的和？
(提示: sum(axis=(-2,-1)))
In [ ]:
# A = np.random.randint(0,10,(3,4,3,4))
# # solution by passing a tuple of axes (introduced in numpy 1.7.0)
# sum = A.sum(axis=(-2,-1))
# print (sum)
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# sum = A.reshape(A.shape[:-2] + (-1,)).sum(axis=-1)
# print (sum)
68. 考慮一個一維向量D，如何使用相同大小的向量S來計算D子集的均值？
(提示: np.bincount)
In [ ]:
# D = np.random.uniform(0,1,100)
# S = np.random.randint(0,10,100)
# D_sums = np.bincount(S, weights=D)
# D_counts = np.bincount(S)
# D_means = D_sums / D_counts
# print (D_means)
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# import pandas as pd
# print(pd.Series(D).groupby(S).mean())
69. 如何獲得點(diǎn)積 dot prodcut的對角線?
(提示: np.diag)
In [ ]:
# A = np.random.uniform(0,1,(5,5))
# B = np.random.uniform(0,1,(5,5))
# # slow version
# np.diag(np.dot(A, B))
In [ ]:
## 方法2
# # Fast version
# np.sum(A * B.T, axis=1)
In [ ]:
## 方法3
# # Faster version
# np.einsum("ij,ji->i", A, B)
70. 考慮一個向量[1,2,3,4,5],如何建立一個新的向量，在這個新向量中每個值之間有3個連續(xù)的零？
(提示: array[::4])
In [ ]:
# Z = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
# nz = 3
# Z0 = np.zeros(len(Z) + (len(Z)-1)*(nz))
# Z0[::nz+1] = Z
# print (Z0)
71. 考慮一個維度(5,5,3)的數(shù)組，如何將其與一個(5,5)的數(shù)組相乘？
(提示: array[:, :, None])
In [ ]:
# A = np.ones((5,5,3))
# B = 2*np.ones((5,5))
# print (A * B[:,:,None])
72. 如何對一個數(shù)組中任意兩行做交換?
(提示: array[[]] = array[[]])
In [ ]:
# A = np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)
# A[[0,1]] = A[[1,0]]
# print (A)
73. 考慮一個可以描述10個三角形的triplets，找到可以分割全部三角形的line segment
(提示: repeat, np.roll, np.sort, view, np.unique)
In [ ]:
# faces = np.random.randint(0,100,(10,3))
# F = np.roll(faces.repeat(2,axis=1),-1,axis=1)
# F = F.reshape(len(F)*3,2)
# F = np.sort(F,axis=1)
# G = F.view( dtype=[('p0',F.dtype),('p1',F.dtype)] )
# G = np.unique(G)
# print (G)
74. 給定一個二進(jìn)制的數(shù)組C，如何產(chǎn)生一個數(shù)組A滿足np.bincount(A)==C
(提示: np.repeat)
In [ ]:
# C = np.bincount([1,1,2,3,4,4,6])
# A = np.repeat(np.arange(len(C)), C)
# print (A)
75. 如何通過滑動窗口計算一個數(shù)組的平均數(shù)?
(提示: np.cumsum)
In [ ]:
# def moving_average(a, n=3) :
# ret = np.cumsum(a, dtype=float)
# ret[n:] = ret[n:] - ret[:-n]
# return ret[n - 1:] / n
# Z = np.arange(20)
# print(moving_average(Z, n=3))
76. 考慮一維數(shù)組Z，構(gòu)建一個二維數(shù)組，其第一行是（Z [0]，Z [1]，Z [2]），每個后續(xù)行移1（最后一行應(yīng)該是（ Z [-3]，Z [-2]，Z [-1]）
(提示: from numpy.lib import stride_tricks)
In [ ]:
# from numpy.lib import stride_tricks
# def rolling(a, window):
# shape = (a.size - window + 1, window)
# strides = (a.itemsize, a.itemsize)
# return stride_tricks.as_strided(a, shape=shape, strides=strides)
# Z = rolling(np.arange(10), 3)
# print (Z)
77. 如何對布爾值取反，或者原位(in-place)改變浮點(diǎn)數(shù)的符號(sign)？
(提示: np.logical_not, np.negative)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.randint(0,2,100)
# np.logical_not(Z, out=Z)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.uniform(-1.0,1.0,100)
# np.negative(Z, out=Z)
78. 考慮兩組點(diǎn)集P0和P1去描述一組線(二維)和一個點(diǎn)p,如何計算點(diǎn)p到每一條線 i (P0[i],P1[i])的距離？
In [ ]:
# def distance(P0, P1, p):
# T = P1 - P0
# L = (T**2).sum(axis=1)
# U = -((P0[:,0]-p[...,0])*T[:,0] + (P0[:,1]-p[...,1])*T[:,1]) / L
# U = U.reshape(len(U),1)
# D = P0 + U*T - p
# return np.sqrt((D**2).sum(axis=1))
# P0 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
# P1 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
# p = np.random.uniform(-10,10,( 1,2))
# print (distance(P0, P1, p))
79.考慮兩組點(diǎn)集P0和P1去描述一組線(二維)和一組點(diǎn)集P，如何計算每一個點(diǎn) j(P[j]) 到每一條線 i (P0[i],P1[i])的距離？
In [ ]:
# # based on distance function from previous question
# P0 = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, (10,2))
# P1 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
# p = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, (10,2))
# print (np.array([distance(P0,P1,p_i) for p_i in p]))
80.考慮一個任意數(shù)組，寫一個函數(shù)，提取一個固定形狀的子部分，并以給定元素為中心（fill必要時填充一個值）
(提示: minimum, maximum)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.randint(0,10,(10,10))
# shape = (5,5)
# fill = 0
# position = (1,1)
# R = np.ones(shape, dtype=Z.dtype)*fill
# P = np.array(list(position)).astype(int)
# Rs = np.array(list(R.shape)).astype(int)
# Zs = np.array(list(Z.shape)).astype(int)
# R_start = np.zeros((len(shape),)).astype(int)
# R_stop = np.array(list(shape)).astype(int)
# Z_start = (P-Rs//2)
# Z_stop = (P+Rs//2)+Rs%2
# R_start = (R_start - np.minimum(Z_start,0)).tolist()
# Z_start = (np.maximum(Z_start,0)).tolist()
# R_stop = np.maximum(R_start, (R_stop - np.maximum(Z_stop-Zs,0))).tolist()
# Z_stop = (np.minimum(Z_stop,Zs)).tolist()
# r = [slice(start,stop) for start,stop in zip(R_start,R_stop)]
# z = [slice(start,stop) for start,stop in zip(Z_start,Z_stop)]
# R[r] = Z[z]
# print (Z)
# print (R)
81. 考慮一個數(shù)組Z = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14],如何生成一個數(shù)組R = [[1,2,3,4], [2,3,4,5], [3,4,5,6], ...,[11,12,13,14]]?
(提示: stride_tricks.as_strided)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(1,15,dtype=np.uint32)
# R = stride_tricks.as_strided(Z,(11,4),(4,4))
# print (R)
82. 計算一個矩陣的秩
(提示: np.linalg.svd)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.uniform(0,1,(10,10))
# U, S, V = np.linalg.svd(Z) # Singular Value Decomposition
# rank = np.sum(S > 1e-10)
# print (rank)
83. 如何找到一個數(shù)組中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的值？
(提示: np.bincount, argmax)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.randint(0,10,50)
# print (np.bincount(Z).argmax())
84. 從一個10x10的矩陣中提取出連續(xù)的3x3區(qū)塊
(提示: stride_tricks.as_strided)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.randint(0,5,(10,10))
# n = 3
# i = 1 + (Z.shape[0]-3)
# j = 1 + (Z.shape[1]-3)
# C = stride_tricks.as_strided(Z, shape=(i, j, n, n), strides=Z.strides + Z.strides)
# print (C)
85. 創(chuàng)建一個滿足 Z[i,j] == Z[j,i]的子類
(提示: class 方法)
In [ ]:
# class Symetric(np.ndarray):
# def __setitem__(self, index, value):
# i,j = index
# super(Symetric, self).__setitem__((i,j), value)
# super(Symetric, self).__setitem__((j,i), value)
# def symetric(Z):
# return np.asarray(Z + Z.T - np.diag(Z.diagonal())).view(Symetric)
# S = symetric(np.random.randint(0,10,(5,5)))
# S[2,3] = 42
# print (S)
86. 考慮p個 nxn 矩陣和一組形狀為(n,1)的向量，如何直接計算p個矩陣的乘積(n,1)？
(提示: np.tensordot)
In [ ]:
# p, n = 10, 20
# M = np.ones((p,n,n))
# V = np.ones((p,n,1))
# S = np.tensordot(M, V, axes=[[0, 2], [0, 1]])
# print (S)
# It works, because:
# M is (p,n,n)
# V is (p,n,1)
# Thus, summing over the paired axes 0 and 0 (of M and V independently),
# and 2 and 1, to remain with a (n,1) vector.
87. 對于一個16x16的數(shù)組，如何得到一個區(qū)域(block-sum)的和(區(qū)域大小為4x4)?
(提示: np.add.reduceat)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.ones((16,16))
# k = 4
# S = np.add.reduceat(np.add.reduceat(Z, np.arange(0, Z.shape[0], k), axis=0),
# np.arange(0, Z.shape[1], k), axis=1)
# print (S)
88. 如何利用numpy數(shù)組實(shí)現(xiàn)Game of Life?
(提示:?Game of Life)
In [ ]:
# def iterate(Z):
# # Count neighbours
# N = (Z[0:-2,0:-2] + Z[0:-2,1:-1] + Z[0:-2,2:] +
# Z[1:-1,0:-2] + Z[1:-1,2:] +
# Z[2: ,0:-2] + Z[2: ,1:-1] + Z[2: ,2:])
# # Apply rules
# birth = (N==3) & (Z[1:-1,1:-1]==0)
# survive = ((N==2) | (N==3)) & (Z[1:-1,1:-1]==1)
# Z[...] = 0
# Z[1:-1,1:-1][birth | survive] = 1
# return Z
# Z = np.random.randint(0,2,(50,50))
# for i in range(100): Z = iterate(Z)
# print (Z)
89. 如何找到一個數(shù)組的第n個最大值?
(提示: np.argsort | np.argpartition)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.arange(10000)
# np.random.shuffle(Z)
# n = 5
# # Slow
# print (Z[np.argsort(Z)[-n:]])
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# # Fast
# print (Z[np.argpartition(-Z,n)[:n]])
90. 給定任意個數(shù)向量，創(chuàng)建笛卡爾積(每一個元素的每一種組合)
(提示: np.indices)
In [ ]:
# def cartesian(arrays):
# arrays = [np.asarray(a) for a in arrays]
# shape = (len(x) for x in arrays)
# ix = np.indices(shape, dtype=int)
# ix = ix.reshape(len(arrays), -1).T
# for n, arr in enumerate(arrays):
# ix[:, n] = arrays[n][ix[:, n]]
# return ix
# print (cartesian(([1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7])))
91. 如何從一個正常數(shù)組創(chuàng)建記錄數(shù)組(record array)?
(提示: np.core.records.fromarrays)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.array([("Hello", 2.5, 3),
# ("World", 3.6, 2)])
# R = np.core.records.fromarrays(Z.T,
# names='col1, col2, col3',
# formats = 'S8, f8, i8')
# print (R)
92. 考慮一個大向量Z, 用三種不同的方法計算它的立方
(提示: np.power, \*, np.einsum)
In [ ]:
# x = np.random.rand()
# np.power(x,3)
In [ ]:
## 方法2
# x*x*x
In [ ]:
## 方法3
# np.einsum('i,i,i->i',x,x,x)
93. 考慮兩個形狀分別為(8,3) 和(2,2)的數(shù)組A和B. 如何在數(shù)組A中找到滿足包含B中元素的行？(不考慮B中每行元素順序)？
(提示: np.where)
In [ ]:
# A = np.random.randint(0,5,(8,3))
# B = np.random.randint(0,5,(2,2))
# C = (A[..., np.newaxis, np.newaxis] == B)
# rows = np.where(C.any((3,1)).all(1))[0]
# print (rows)
94. 考慮一個10x3的矩陣，分解出有不全相同值的行 (如 [2,2,3])
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.randint(0,5,(10,3))
# print (Z)
# # solution for arrays of all dtypes (including string arrays and record arrays)
# E = np.all(Z[:,1:] == Z[:,:-1], axis=1)
# U = Z[~E]
# print (U)
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# # soluiton for numerical arrays only, will work for any number of columns in Z
# U = Z[Z.max(axis=1) != Z.min(axis=1),:]
# print (U)
95. 將一個整數(shù)向量轉(zhuǎn)換為matrix binary的表現(xiàn)形式
(提示: np.unpackbits)
In [ ]:
# I = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 15, 16, 32, 64, 128])
# B = ((I.reshape(-1,1) & (2**np.arange(8))) != 0).astype(int)
# print(B[:,::-1])
In [ ]:
# # 方法2
# print (np.unpackbits(I[:, np.newaxis], axis=1))
96. 給定一個二維數(shù)組，如何提取出唯一的(unique)行？
(提示: np.ascontiguousarray)
In [ ]:
# Z = np.random.randint(0,2,(6,3))
# T = np.ascontiguousarray(Z).view(np.dtype((np.void, Z.dtype.itemsize * Z.shape[1])))
# _, idx = np.unique(T, return_index=True)
# uZ = Z[idx]
# print (uZ)
97. 考慮兩個向量A和B，寫出用einsum等式對應(yīng)的inner, outer, sum, mul函數(shù)
(提示:?np.einsum)
In [ ]:
# A = np.random.uniform(0,1,10)
# B = np.random.uniform(0,1,10)
# print ('sum')
# print (np.einsum('i->', A))# np.sum(A)
In [ ]:
# print ('A * B')
# print (np.einsum('i,i->i', A, B)) # A * B
In [ ]:
# print ('inner')
# print (np.einsum('i,i', A, B)) # np.inner(A, B)
In [ ]:
# print ('outer')
# print (np.einsum('i,j->ij', A, B)) # np.outer(A, B)
98. 考慮一個由兩個向量描述的路徑(X,Y)，如何用等距樣例(equidistant samples)對其進(jìn)行采樣(sample)?
(提示: np.cumsum, np.interp)
In [ ]:
# phi = np.arange(0, 10*np.pi, 0.1)
# a = 1
# x = a*phi*np.cos(phi)
# y = a*phi*np.sin(phi)
# dr = (np.diff(x)**2 + np.diff(y)**2)**.5 # segment lengths
# r = np.zeros_like(x)
# r[1:] = np.cumsum(dr) # integrate path
# r_int = np.linspace(0, r.max(), 200) # regular spaced path
# x_int = np.interp(r_int, r, x) # integrate path
# y_int = np.interp(r_int, r, y)
99. 給定整數(shù)n和2D數(shù)組X，從X中選擇可以解釋為具有n度的多項(xiàng)分布的繪制的行，即，僅包含整數(shù)并且總和為n的行。
(提示: np.logical_and.reduce, np.mod)
In [ ]:
# X = np.asarray([[1.0, 0.0, 3.0, 8.0],
# [2.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0],
# [1.5, 2.5, 1.0, 0.0]])
# n = 4
# M = np.logical_and.reduce(np.mod(X, 1) == 0, axis=-1)
# M &= (X.sum(axis=-1) == n)
# print (X[M])
100. 計算1D陣列X的平均值的自舉95％置信區(qū)間（即，對替換N次的陣列的元素進(jìn)行重新采樣，計算每個樣本的平均值，然后計算均值上的百分位數(shù)）。
In [ ]:
# X = np.random.randn(100) # random 1D array
# N = 1000 # number of bootstrap samples
# idx = np.random.randint(0, X.size, (N, X.size))
# means = X[idx].mean(axis=1)
# confint = np.percentile(means, [2.5, 97.5])
# print (confint)
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