英語流利說 Level8 Unit3 Part1 ：Evolving Our Bodies
Juan Enriquez: What will humans look like in 100 years?
TEDSummit ? 15:45 ? Posted November 2016
What will humans look like in 100 years?
100年后人類會(huì)是什么樣子
L8-U3-P1: Evolving Our Bodies 1
1
Here's a question that matters.
有個(gè)很重要的問題。
2
Right? Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves.
對(duì)嗎？因?yàn)槲覀冮_始收集所有的工具去進(jìn)化我們自身。
3
And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants and we can evolve animals,
我們能進(jìn)化細(xì)菌，我們能進(jìn)化植物，我們能進(jìn)化動(dòng)物，
4
and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask, is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings?
現(xiàn)在我們到了一個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)，我們需要去問：進(jìn)化人類真的是道德的并且是我們需要的嗎？
5
And as you're thinking about that, let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics, prosthetics past, present, future.
當(dāng)你在思考這些時(shí)，讓我站在修復(fù)學(xué)的角度來談?wù)勱P(guān)于假肢的前生今世和未來。
prosthetics n. [外科] 修復(fù)學(xué)，修補(bǔ)學(xué)；彌補(bǔ)術(shù)；假肢
6
So this is the iron hand that belonged to one of the German counts.
這是一個(gè)機(jī)械手，它是一個(gè)德國伯爵的。
count有伯爵的意思。
7
Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles.
他喜歡戰(zhàn)斗，在他的一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗中失去了一只手臂。
8
No problem, he just made a suit of armor, put it on, perfect prosthetic.
好吧，他就是做了套盔甲，然后穿上它，嗯，這假肢還不錯(cuò)。
9
That's where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
這就是鐵腕統(tǒng)治概念的由來。
rule with 用……方式管理
eg：This country is ruled with all the people.
10
And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful, more and more modern. You can hold soft-boiled eggs.
當(dāng)然，這些假肢變得越來越由泳，越來越現(xiàn)代化。你可以握住半熟的雞蛋。
soft-boiled adj. 半熟的；溏心的
11
You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that,
你能有許多種控制方法，當(dāng)你思考這些時(shí)，
12
there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
像Hugh Herr的奇人一直在打造非常特別的假肢。
13
So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say, how tall do I want to be tonight?
了不起的Aimee Mullins就會(huì)說：“我今晚想要個(gè)什么身高呢？”
Aimee Mullins和上一句中的Gugh Herr都有過TED Talk
14
Or he will say what type of cliff do I want to climb?
或者他會(huì)說：“我要爬什么樣的懸崖峭壁呢？”
15
Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
或者某人想要跑個(gè)馬拉松，或跳段交際舞？
ballroom dance 舞廳舞；社交舞
16
And as you adapt these things, the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body.
當(dāng)你適應(yīng)這些時(shí)，關(guān)于假肢的有趣的事就是它們正在進(jìn)入身體。
17
So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They've become artificial hips.
所以那些體外的假肢現(xiàn)在變成了人工膝蓋、人工髖關(guān)節(jié)。
18
And then they've evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have.
它們更進(jìn)一步變得不僅更好而且更必需。
19
So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
所以當(dāng)你談到把一個(gè)心臟起搏器作為一個(gè)假肢時(shí)，
20
you're talking about something that isn't just, " I'm missing my leg," it's, "if I don't have this, I can die."
你不僅僅是在說：“我腿沒了，”更是在說：“如果我沒了這個(gè)，我就要死了”
21
And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship with the human body.
在這一點(diǎn)上，一個(gè)假肢變得與人類相互依存。
symbiotic adj. [生態(tài)] 共生的；共棲的
L8-U3-P1: Evolving Our Bodies 2
22
And four of the smartest people that I've ever met -- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics.
我所見過的4位最聰明的人-- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- 他們正在一個(gè)極端仿生學(xué)中心工作。
23
And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone. They get integrated into the skin. They get integrated into the muscle.
你能在這看見的有趣的事情是那些假肢接入骨骼。接入皮膚。接入肌肉。
24
And one of the other sides of Ed is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain using light or other mechanisms directly to things like these prosthetics.
Ed其中的一方面就在思考如何使用光線或其它機(jī)制使得大腦與物品相連，就像假肢一樣。
25
And if you can do that, then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity.
如果你能做到這個(gè)，那么你就可以開始改變整個(gè)的人類物種。
26
So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve.
你對(duì)某事反應(yīng)有多快取決于神經(jīng)的直徑。
27
And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic, say with light or liquid metal,
當(dāng)然，如果你有體外的或假神經(jīng)，比如是用輕質(zhì)的或液態(tài)金屬，
28
then you can increase that diameter and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,
那么你就可以增加神經(jīng)直徑，你甚至能理論上無限增大它，
29
as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet.
直到當(dāng)你看見槍口閃光，就能躲開子彈。
muzzle n. 槍口，炮口；口套，口絡(luò)；動(dòng)物的鼻口
30
Those are the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.
這就是你所說的變化的數(shù)量級(jí)。
31
This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics. These are Phonak hearing aids,
這是4號(hào)級(jí)別的假肢。這些是峰力助聽器，
32
and the reason why these are so interesting is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something for somebody who is "disabled"
這些東西非常有趣的原因是，它們跨越了假肢只屬于“殘疾人”的門檻
33
and they become something that somebody who is "normal" might want to actually have,
它們變成了“正常人”也可能想要擁有的東西，
34
because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting, is not only does it help you hear,
因?yàn)榉浅Ｓ腥さ氖?，假肢不只是能給你助聽，
35
you can focus your hearing, so it can hear the conversation going on over there.
你可以集中精力去聽，這樣它就能聽到在那邊進(jìn)行的談話。
36
You can have super hearing. You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise. You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this.
你可以擁有超級(jí)聽力。你可以擁有360°聽力。你可以聽見白噪音。你可以錄音，順便提一下，它們還承載了一個(gè)手機(jī)。
把iphone整合到airpods里面的感覺
37
So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone.
所以它既可以為你助聽，也可以成為你的電話。
38
And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
在這點(diǎn)上，有些人可能會(huì)自愿地想要一個(gè)假肢。
39
All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces are coming together,
那些成千上萬個(gè)松散連接的小玩意聯(lián)合在一起出現(xiàn)，
40
and it's about time we ask the question, how do we want to evolve human beings over the next century or two?
是時(shí)候問出這個(gè)問題了：在接下來的一兩個(gè)世紀(jì)，我們想怎樣進(jìn)化人類？
41
And for that we turn to a great philosopher
說到這個(gè)我們需要提到一個(gè)偉大的哲學(xué)家
42
who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan.
他是一個(gè)非常聰明的男人，盡管是個(gè)洋基隊(duì)的粉絲。
Yankee在這里有點(diǎn)貶義的意思，可以想象下某人說自己是國足的粉絲。
43
And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it's very tough to make predictions, especially about the future.
Yogi Berra曾說，做預(yù)測(cè)很難，尤其是關(guān)于未來的。
44
So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with, let's take what's happening in the present with people like Tony Atala,
所以我們先不預(yù)測(cè)未來，讓我們看看現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情，比如托尼·阿塔拉，
45
who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs.
他在重新設(shè)計(jì)30多個(gè)器官。
30-some-odd 30多
eg：There are 50-some-odd people.
46
And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn't having something external, titanium. Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code,
或許終極假肢不是一些用鈦金屬做在體外的。也許這個(gè)終極假肢被設(shè)置在你自己的基因編碼中，
titanium n. [化學(xué)] 鈦（金屬元素）
47
remake your own body parts, because that's a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic.
重做你自己的身體部分，因?yàn)檫@遠(yuǎn)比任何一個(gè)假肢都更有效。
48
But while you're at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
這樣，你就可以做Craig Venter和Ham Smith的工作了。
while you're at it 當(dāng)你這么做的時(shí)候；當(dāng)事情變成這樣的時(shí)候
Craig Venter和Ham Smith都是生物學(xué)家。
49
And one of the things that we've been doing is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells.
其中有一件我們一直在做的事就是試圖去搞清楚如何重新編碼細(xì)胞。
50
And if you can reprogram a cell, then you can change the cells in those organs.
如果你能重新編碼一個(gè)細(xì)胞，那么你就可以那些器官中的細(xì)胞。
51
So if you can change the cells in those organs, maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant. Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen. Maybe you make them more efficient to filter out stuff that you don't want in your body.
所以如果你能改變那些器官中的細(xì)胞，或許你可以使得那些器官更加抗輻射。吸收更多的氧氣。更有效地過濾掉你不想要的東西。
52
And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot
在過去幾周，George Church常出現(xiàn)在新聞中
53
because he's been talking about taking one of these programmable cells and inserting an entire human genome into that cell.
因?yàn)樗恢痹谡f，取走其中的一個(gè)可編碼細(xì)胞，然后在那個(gè)細(xì)胞中植入一個(gè)完整的人類基因組。
54
And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell, then you begin to ask the question, would you want to enhance any of that genome?
一旦你可以把一個(gè)完整的人類基因組植入到一個(gè)細(xì)胞中，那么你就會(huì)問到這個(gè)問題：你想要強(qiáng)化其中的任意基因組嗎？
55
Do you want to enhance a human body?
你想要強(qiáng)化一個(gè)人類身體嗎？
56
How would you want to enhance a human body?
你想要怎么去強(qiáng)化一個(gè)人類身體？
57
Where is it ethical to enhance a human body and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body?
強(qiáng)化人類身體的道德基準(zhǔn)在哪？
58
And all of a sudden, what we're doing is we've got this multidimensional chess board
突然一下，我們正在做的是仿佛得到了一個(gè)多維棋盤
59
where we can change human genetics by using viruses to attack things like AIDS,
我們可以通過病毒攻擊艾滋病來改變?nèi)祟惢颍?/p>
60
or we can change the gene code through gene therapy to do away with some hereditary diseases, or we can change the environment,
或者我們可以通過基因?qū)嶒?yàn)來改變基因編碼去消除一些遺傳性疾病，或者我們可以改變環(huán)境，
61
and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome and pass that on to the next generations.
在表觀基因組中改變那些基因的表達(dá)，并帶到下一代中。
epigenome 表觀基因組
62
And all of a sudden, it's not just one little bit, it's all these stacked little bits
然后突然一下，這改變的不是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，而是一堆堆
63
that allow you to take little portions of it until all the portions coming together lead you to something that's very different.
這樣一個(gè)變化讓你每次攫取一部分，直到所有的部分匯聚到一起，使得你變得大不一樣。
L8-U3-P1: Evolving Our Bodies 3
64
And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff.
很多人很恐懼這個(gè)。
65
And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff.
這聽起來確實(shí)恐怖，這玩意也有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
66
So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff?
為啥你就想要做這個(gè)呢？
in the word 到底
eg：Why in the world would you want to buy a car?
67
Why would we really want to alter the human body in a fundamental way?
為什么我們很想從根本上改造人類呢？
68
The answer lies in part with Lord Rees, astronomer royal of Great Britain.
部分答案在英國的皇家天文學(xué)家——Lord Rees身上。
69
And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100% malevolent.
他最喜歡的話是：宇宙是100%惡毒的。
70
So what does that mean? It means if you take any one of your bodies at random, drop it anywhere in the universe, drop it in space, you die.
啥意思？這意思是如果把你身體中的任意一部分扔到宇宙，扔到太空中，你就死了。
71
Drop it on the Sun, you die. Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die. Drop it near a supernova, you die.
把它扔到太陽上，你死了。扔到水星表面，你死了。扔到超新星附近，你還是死。
72
But fortunately, it's only about 80 percent effective.
但幸運(yùn)的是，這句話只有80%正確。
73
So as a great physicist once said, there's these little upstream eddies of biology that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy.
就像一個(gè)偉大的物理學(xué)家曾說的，一少部分的高級(jí)生命創(chuàng)造了極速熵增的秩序。
torrent n. 奔流；傾注；迸發(fā)；連續(xù)不斷；急流，激流；
entropy n. [熱] 熵（熱力學(xué)函數(shù)）
這里的upstream eddies of biology我覺得是指像外星人這種高級(jí)生命，他們的科技很發(fā)達(dá)，這些高級(jí)生命在發(fā)展的過程中會(huì)調(diào)動(dòng)很大的資源，使得宇宙的無序度快速增加，也就是熵增。
74
So as the universe dissipates energy, there's these upstream eddies that create biological order.
當(dāng)宇宙消耗能量時(shí)，就是這些高級(jí)生命創(chuàng)造了生態(tài)秩序。
dissipate vt. 浪費(fèi)；使…消散
75
Now, the problem with eddies is, they tend to disappear. They shift. They move in rivers.
現(xiàn)在，這些高級(jí)生命的問題是，它們?cè)跐u漸消失。它們?cè)谧兓?。它們?cè)谛呛又幸苿?dòng)。
76
And because of that, when an eddy shifts, when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot, when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid,
因?yàn)檫@樣，當(dāng)一個(gè)高級(jí)生命轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)厍蜃兂梢粋€(gè)雪球，當(dāng)?shù)厍蜃兊煤軤C，當(dāng)?shù)厍虮灰粋€(gè)小行星撞擊，
77
when you have super volcanoes, when you have solar flares,
當(dāng)超級(jí)火山爆發(fā)時(shí)，當(dāng)太陽耀斑爆發(fā)時(shí)，
78
when you have potentially extinction-level events like the next election --
當(dāng)有潛在的毀滅性事件時(shí)，比如下一次選舉 --
79
then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions.
突然一下，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)周期性地滅絕。
80
And by the way, that's happened 5 times on Earth,
順便說下，這在地球上發(fā)生了5次，
地球上的5次大滅絕
81
and therefore it is very likely that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.
所以很可能地球上的人類某天會(huì)走向滅絕。
82
Not next week, not next month, maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that.
不是下周，不是下個(gè)月，或許在11月，但或許在1萬年后。
2016年11月美國選舉，當(dāng)時(shí)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者是川普和希拉里。
83
As you're thinking of the consequence of that,
當(dāng)你思考這些東西的結(jié)果時(shí)，
84
if you believe that extinctions are common and natural and normal and occur periodically,
如果你認(rèn)為滅絕是普遍、自然、尋常并周期性發(fā)生的，
85
it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.
多樣化我們的物種在道德上就變得很必需了。
imperative adj. 必要的，不可避免的；
86
And it becomes a moral imperative because
這在道德上很需要是因?yàn)?/p>
87
it's going to be really hard to live on Mars if we don't fundamentally modify the human body. Right?
如果我們不從根本上更改人類，我們很難生活在火星上。對(duì)嗎？
88
You go from one cell, mom and dad coming together to make one cell, in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.
你從一個(gè)細(xì)胞，父母親結(jié)合后的一個(gè)細(xì)胞，分裂成10萬億個(gè)。
意思就是從一個(gè)受精卵，長成一個(gè)人。
89
We don't know, if you change the gravity substantially, if the same thing will happen to create your body.
我們不知道，如果你大幅度地改變重力，如果同樣的事發(fā)生在你身上。
substantially adv. 實(shí)質(zhì)上；大體上；充分地；大幅度地
這里的create沒啥實(shí)際意思，刪除也不影響。
90
We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are to a lot of radiation, we will die.
我們知道，如果你把我們的身體像現(xiàn)在這樣暴露在大量的輻射下，我們會(huì)死的。
91
So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things just to get to Mars.
所以當(dāng)你思考這些時(shí)，你很需要重新設(shè)計(jì)些東西，而這只是為了去到火星上。
92
Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter.
更別說海王星或木星的衛(wèi)星了。
93
And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev, let's think about life in a series of scales.
借用下Nikolai Kardashev的話，我們思考下生命的層級(jí)。
94
So Life One civilization is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks.
一級(jí)生命文明是一種開始改變他們自己的外觀的文明。
95
And we've been doing that for thousands of years.
我們這么做數(shù)千年了。
96
You've got tummy tucks and you've got this and you've got that.
你做了腹部整形，然后還做了些其它的。
tummy n. 肚子；胃
tuck vt. 卷起；擠進(jìn)；用某物舒適地裹住
97
You alter your looks and I'm told that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons.
你改變了你的外貌，而我知道并不是所有的那些改變都是為了醫(yī)療治病。
原本做手術(shù)可能是為了治病，現(xiàn)在很多只是想單純的整容變美。
98
Seems odd.
聽上去挺怪的吧。
99
A Life Two civilization is a different civilization.
二級(jí)生命文明是一個(gè)不同的文明。
100
A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body.
一個(gè)二級(jí)生命文明可以改變身體的基本特征。
101
So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller, or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism or does a whole series of things,
所以你可以注射人類生長激素，使人長得更高，或者使用某種藥物，這個(gè)人變得更胖或失去新陳代謝或者引發(fā)一系列問題，
102
but you're altering the functions in a fundamental way.
但是你在徹底地改變機(jī)能。
103
To become an intrasolar civilization, we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization,
要成為一個(gè)太陽系文明，我們就必須建立一個(gè)三級(jí)生命文明，
104
and that looks very different from what we've got here.
那和現(xiàn)在的二級(jí)生命文明完全不同。
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Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation.
也許你被植入了一段耐輻射奇球菌，這樣在大量暴露于輻射后，你的細(xì)胞可以再次拼接起來。
splice v. 捻接（繩子）；拼接，接合
Deinococcus radiodurans 耐輻射奇球菌
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Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your blood instead of through your lungs.
也許你通過血液中的氧氣來呼吸而不是通過肺部來吸收氧氣呼吸。
107
But you're talking about really radical redesigns
但你說的是真正徹底的重新設(shè)計(jì)
radical adj. 激進(jìn)的；根本的；徹底的
108
and one of the interesting things that's happened in the last decade is we've discovered a whole lot of planets out there.
在過去10年發(fā)生的一件很有趣的事是：我們?cè)谕饷姘l(fā)了很多行星。
109
And some of them may be Earth-like.
他們中的一些可能很類地行星。
110
The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets, the fastest human objects
問題是，如果我們?cè)氲诌_(dá)那些行星，最快的人類工具是
111
-- Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff -- take tens of thousands of years to get from here to the nearest solar system.
“朱諾號(hào)”和“旅行者號(hào)”以及其他的探測(cè)器，從這里到最近的恒星系需要數(shù)萬年的時(shí)間。
112
So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else,
所以如果你想要開始探索外太空，
113
or you want to see two-sun sunsets, then you're talking about something that is very different,
或者你想要看雙日落，那么我們?cè)谟懻摰木褪欠峭瑢こ５臇|西，
114
because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable.
因?yàn)槟惚仨毟淖儠r(shí)間尺度和人類的身體，以一種完全超乎想象的方式。
115
And that's a Life Four civilization.
而這就是一個(gè)四級(jí)生命文明。
L8-U3-P1: Evolving Our Bodies 4
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Now, we can't even begin to imagine what that might look like, but we're beginning to get glimpses of instruments that might take us even that far.
我們現(xiàn)在甚至無法去想象這會(huì)是什么樣，但我們已經(jīng)能夠看到那我們帶到那么遠(yuǎn)的工具了。
117
And let me give you 2 examples. So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg,
我給你舉2個(gè)例子。這是了不起的Floyd Rosberg，
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and one of the things that Floyd's been doing is he's been playing with the basic chemistry of life.
Floyd做的其中一件事是他一直在研究生命的基礎(chǔ)化學(xué)。
119
So all life on this planet is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
這個(gè)星球上的所有生命都是由ATCG組成，DNA的4個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)單元。
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All bacteria, all plants, all animals, all humans, all cows, everything else.
所有細(xì)菌，所有植物，所有動(dòng)物，所有人類，所有的奶牛，所有的生物。
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And what Floyd did is he changed out two of those base pairs, so it's ATXY.
Floyd所做的就是他更換了那些堿基對(duì)中的2個(gè)，也就是ATXY。
base pairs 堿基對(duì)
122
And that means that you now have a parallel system to make life, to make babies, to reproduce, to evolve,
這意味著你有一個(gè)制作生命的平行系統(tǒng)，去生孩子，繁殖，進(jìn)化。
123
that doesn't mate with most things on Earth or in fact maybe with nothing on Earth.
它不能和地球上的大多數(shù)生物交配，或者實(shí)際上可能是地球上的任何生物。
124
Maybe you make plants that are immune to all bacteria. Maybe you make plants that are immune to all viruses.
或許你制作出免疫所有細(xì)菌的植物?；蛟S你制作出免疫所有病毒的植物。
125
But why is that so interesting? It means that we are not a unique solution.
為啥這這么有趣？這意味著我們不是唯一解。
126
It means you can create alternate chemistries to us that could be chemistries adaptable to a very different planet that could create life and heredity.
這意味著你可以為我們創(chuàng)造出不同于我們的化學(xué)生物，這些化學(xué)生物可以適應(yīng)一個(gè)完全不同的星球，可以創(chuàng)造生命和遺傳。
127
The second experiment, or the other implication of this experiment, is that all of you, all life is based on 20 amino acids.
第二個(gè)試驗(yàn)，或者是這個(gè)試驗(yàn)的其另一個(gè)應(yīng)用，就是你們中的所有人，所有生命都基于20種氨基酸。
amino acids 氨基酸
128
If you don't substitute two amino acids, if you don't say ATXY, if you say ATCG + XY, then you go from 20 building blocks to 172,
如果你不是替代2個(gè)氨基酸，如果你的不是ATXY，而是ATCG + XY，那么你就從20個(gè)構(gòu)建模塊到了172個(gè)，
129
and all of a sudden you've got 172 building blocks of amino acids to build life-forms in very different shapes.
突然之間你得到了172個(gè)氨基酸構(gòu)建模塊去構(gòu)造形狀各異的生命形式。
130
The second experiment to think about is a really weird experiment that's been taking place in China.
第二個(gè)試驗(yàn)可以說是一個(gè)非常奇怪的試驗(yàn)，它發(fā)生在中國。
131
So this guy has been transplanting hundreds of mouse heads. Right?
這兄弟移植了成百上千個(gè)老鼠頭，對(duì)嗎？
132
And why is that an interesting experiment?
為啥這是個(gè)有趣的試驗(yàn)?zāi)兀?/p>
133
Well, think of the first heart transplants.
想一下第一例的心臟移植。
134
One of the things they used to do is they used to bring in the wife or the daughter of the donor
他們過去常做的一件事是他們常常帶來捐贈(zèng)者的妻子或女兒
135
so the donee could tell the doctors, "Do you recognize this person? Do you love this person? Do you feel anything for this person?"
所以這個(gè)受贈(zèng)者會(huì)回答醫(yī)生的問題：“你認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)人嗎，你愛這個(gè)人嗎？你對(duì)這個(gè)人有什么感覺嗎？”
136
We laugh about that today.
在今天看來，這是個(gè)笑話。
137
We laugh because we know the heart is a muscle, but for hundreds of thousands of years, or tens of thousands of years,
我們笑是因?yàn)槲覀冎佬呐K是肌肉，但是數(shù)十萬年，或者數(shù)萬年，
138
"I gave her my heart. She took my heart. She broke my heart." We thought this was emotion
"我把我的心給了她。她勾走了我的心。她傷害了我的心。"我們認(rèn)為心臟是情感的來源
139
and we thought maybe emotions were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
我們認(rèn)為或許情感會(huì)隨著心臟而移植。不。
140
So how about the brain? Two possible outcomes to this experiment.
那么大腦如何？這個(gè)試驗(yàn)有兩個(gè)可能的結(jié)果。
141
If you can get a mouse that is functional, then you can see, is the new brain a blank slate?
如果你能得到一個(gè)功能正常的老鼠，那么你可以看到，這個(gè)新腦是一片空白嗎？
blank slate 空白狀態(tài)
142
And boy, does that have implications.
甚至，這個(gè)大腦一切正常嗎?
143
Second option: the new mouse recognizes Minnie Mouse.
第二種情況：這個(gè)新的老鼠記得自己的小情人。
144
The new mouse remembers what it's afraid of, remembers how to navigate the maze,
這個(gè)新的老鼠記得它害怕什么，記得如何在迷宮中穿行，
maze n. 迷宮；迷惑；糊涂
145
and if that is true, then you can transplant memory and consciousness.
如果這是正確的，那么你可以移植記憶和意識(shí)，
146
And then the really interesting question is, if you can transplant this, is the only input-output mechanism this down here?
然后很有趣的問題是：如果你能移植這個(gè)，那么下半身唯一的輸入-輸出機(jī)制就是大腦了嗎？
147
Or could you transplant that consciousness into something that would be very different,
或者你能把意識(shí)移植在一些非常不同的東西上嗎，
148
that would last in space, that would last tens of thousands of years, that would be a completely redesigned body that could hold consciousness for a long, long period of time?
在太空中也能持續(xù)，它可以存在數(shù)萬年，它會(huì)是一個(gè)完全重新設(shè)計(jì)的身體并長期保存意識(shí)？
149
And let's come back to the first question: why would you ever want to do that?
讓我們回到第一個(gè)問題：為啥你想要做這個(gè)？
150
Well, I'll tell you why. Because this is the ultimate selfie.
我告訴你為什么。因?yàn)檫@是最終的人類自拍。
151
This is taken from 6 billion miles away, and that's Earth.
這是從60億英里外拍攝的，那是地球。
152
And that's all of us. And if that little thing goes, all of humanity goes.
那是我們所有人，如果這個(gè)小不點(diǎn)沒了，全人類就沒了。
153
And the reason why you want to alter the human body is because you eventually want a picture that says,
你想改變?nèi)梭w的原因是因?yàn)槟阕罱K想要一張圖片，上面寫著，
154
that's us, and that's us, and that's us, because that's the way humanity survives long-term extinction.
那是我們，那里是我們，那里也是我們，因?yàn)檫@就是人類在長期滅絕種存活的方式。
155
And that's the reason why it turns out it's actually unethical not to evolve the human body
這就是為什么不去進(jìn)化人類是不道德的
156
even though it can be scary, even though it can be challenging,
即使這會(huì)很可怕，即使這很有挑戰(zhàn)，
157
but it's what's going to allow us to explore, live, and get to places we can't even dream of today,
但就是這個(gè)使得我們?nèi)ヌ剿鳎ド?，去到我們今天甚至做?mèng)都想不到的地方。
158
but which our great-great-great-great- grandchildren might someday.
也許我們的曾曾曾曾孫輩有朝一日可以做到。
159
thank you very much.
感謝你們。
