一 定義:在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的句子被稱為定語從句。在復合句中相當于一個形容詞。
二 先行詞:被定語從句修飾的名詞或者代詞叫做先行詞。
三 關系詞:引導定語從句的連詞叫做關系詞,分為關系代詞和關系副詞。
四 關系代詞:
which(在定語從句中充當主語或賓語,偶爾也有定語,指物),
that(在定語從句中充當主語或賓語,可指人或者物),
who(在定語從句中充當主語或者賓語,指人),
whom(在定語從句中專門做賓語,指人),
whose(在定語從句中做定語,意思是“…的”),
as(在定語從句中充當主語或賓語,一般指事物,指代句子中的某一句話)。
定語從句缺少主語或賓語時,一般從關系代詞里面根據(jù)先行詞指人還是指物,挑選一個合適的。
which和as的區(qū)別:as引導的定語從句位置靈活,可放句首句中句尾,which引導的定語從句不可放在句首。as引導定語從句是意為“正如”,which沒有明確意思。二者的共同之處在于都可以指代文中的一句話或者一件事。
as常用于以下結構中:as is/was +過去分詞,as在該從句中充當主語;as+主語+謂語(及物動詞),as在該從句中充當賓語。
五 關系副詞:
when(在定語從句中做狀語,指時間)
where(在定語從句中做狀語,指具體的或者抽象的地點)
why(在定語從句中做狀語,表原因,先行詞常是reason)
當定語從句不缺主語或者賓語時,一般從三個關系副詞里面根據(jù)先行詞是表示時間、地點還有原因挑選一個合適的。
六 定語從句的分類
一般分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。簡略而言,如果從句和主句之間用逗號隔開了,就算作非限制性定語從句,如果沒有用逗號隔開,則可以認為是限制性定語從句(這種說法雖然不科學,但是對付高中試題,綽綽有余),主要看的是從句與主句只見關系是否密切。
He died, which made his parents sad.
The girl who stands behind a woman is beautiful.
定語從句一般還可以分為以下四種:
關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞引導的定語從句
介詞+which/whom引導的定語從句
名詞/數(shù)詞/分數(shù)/百分數(shù)/不定代詞/形容詞最高級/序數(shù)詞等+of+which/whom引導的定語從句
He who studies hard will most likely succeed.
The house which he lives in belongs to his mother.
I will never forget the days I spent with my mother.
The things and persons that i can never forget have great influences on me.
The reason why he was late was that his mother was badly ill recently.
The house where he lives belongs to his mother.
I will never forget the days when I was with my mother.
He met me in 1995, when his father died.
The girl with whom he was talking was his sister.
The window through which we can see the playground was broken by someone.
I planted five trees in my garden, 3 of which died.
We have 50 students in our class, most of whom are girls.
There are some girls standing there, the most beautiful of whom is the girl in red.