原創(chuàng)文章，版權(quán)聲明：以下內(nèi)容來(lái)自微信公眾號(hào)"EOSCochain"，搜索 "EOSCochain"即可訂閱，作者：韭仙女下凡，筆名：MW。轉(zhuǎn)載必須保留以上聲明。
本期為大家奉上一本區(qū)塊鏈“字典”，再也不用擔(dān)心看不懂這些冰冷的術(shù)語(yǔ)了。
中英對(duì)照版區(qū)塊鏈字典
ASIC
An abbreviation for “Application Specific Integrated Circuit.” Often compared to GPUs, ASICs are specifically designed for mining and may offer significant power savings.
“專(zhuān)用集成電路”的縮寫(xiě)。通常與GPU相比，ASIC專(zhuān)門(mén)用于采礦，可以顯著節(jié)省功耗。
Bitcoin 比特幣
Bitcoin is the first decentralised, open source cryptocurrency that runs on a global peer to peer blockchain.
比特幣是全球第一個(gè)去中心化開(kāi)源加密貨幣，“比特幣”既可以指這種虛擬貨幣單位，也指比特幣網(wǎng)絡(luò)或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)使用的比特幣軟件。
Block 區(qū)塊
Blocks are packages of data that are permanently recorded on blockchain.
Block是永久記錄在區(qū)塊鏈上的數(shù)據(jù)包。
Blockchain 區(qū)塊鏈
A blockchain is a shared ledger where transactions are permanently recorded by adding blocks.?Each block contains a?cryptographic hash?of the previous block, a?timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a?merkle tree?root hash). By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of the data. It is "an open,?distributed ledger?that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way".
區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)且粋€(gè)共享分類(lèi)賬，通過(guò)添加區(qū)塊永久記錄交易。區(qū)塊鏈（英語(yǔ)：blockchain或block chain）是借由密碼學(xué)串接并保護(hù)內(nèi)容的串連交易記錄（又稱(chēng)區(qū)塊）。每一個(gè)區(qū)塊包含了前一個(gè)區(qū)塊的加密散列、相應(yīng)時(shí)間戳標(biāo)記以及交易數(shù)據(jù)（通常用默克爾樹(shù)算法計(jì)算的散列值表示），這樣的設(shè)計(jì)使得區(qū)塊內(nèi)容具有難以竄改的特性。用區(qū)塊鏈所串接的分布式賬本能讓兩方有效紀(jì)錄交易，且可永久查驗(yàn)此交易。
Block Explorer 區(qū)塊瀏覽器
Block explorer is an online tool for reviewing all transactions, past and current, on the blockchain. It exists for easier reading of blockchain and pulling data directly from it: thus, we can check if the blockchain is valid or not. In addition, block explorer offers helpful information such as network hash rate and transaction growth.
Block Explorer是一個(gè)在線(xiàn)工具，用于搜索查看區(qū)塊鏈上的所有交易，包括過(guò)去和當(dāng)前的交易。它的存在是為了更容易閱讀區(qū)塊鏈，并直接從中提取數(shù)據(jù)，從而便于檢查區(qū)塊鏈的有效性。此外，區(qū)塊瀏覽器還提供有用的信息，如網(wǎng)絡(luò)哈希率和交易增長(zhǎng)等數(shù)據(jù)。
Block Height 區(qū)塊高度
The number of blocks of a single blockchain.
區(qū)塊高度是區(qū)塊鏈接在主鏈的個(gè)數(shù)，也就是連接在區(qū)塊鏈上的塊數(shù)。
Block Reward 區(qū)塊獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)
A form of incentive for the miner who successfully calculates the hash in a block during mining. Verification of transactions on the blockchain generates new coins, and the miner gets them as the reward in the process.
對(duì)礦工的一種激勵(lì)形式。礦工對(duì)區(qū)塊鏈上交易的驗(yàn)證產(chǎn)生新的Coin，它們將作為對(duì)礦工的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。
Confirmation 確認(rèn)
The successful act of hashing a transaction and adding it to the blockchain.
當(dāng)一項(xiàng)交易被區(qū)塊收錄時(shí)，即有一次確認(rèn)。礦工們?cè)诖藚^(qū)塊之后每再產(chǎn)生一個(gè)區(qū)塊，此項(xiàng)交易的確認(rèn)數(shù)就再加一。當(dāng)確認(rèn)數(shù)達(dá)到六及以上時(shí)，通常認(rèn)為這筆交易比較安全并難以逆轉(zhuǎn)。
Consensus共識(shí)
Consensus is achieved when all participants of the network agree on the validity of the transactions, ensuring that the ledgers are exact replicas of each other.?
當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的所有參與者就交易的有效性達(dá)成一致時(shí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了共識(shí)，確保分類(lèi)賬是彼此的精確復(fù)制品。
Cryptocurrency 加密貨幣
It is a digital currency which is cryptographically encrypted and usually decentralized. Tokens represent this virtual asset.?
一種加密的數(shù)字貨幣，通常是去中心化的。代幣是虛擬資產(chǎn)的代表形式。
DAPP（Decentralized Application）去中心化應(yīng)用程序
Often referred to as Dapp, dApp or decentralised application, DApp is an application that is open source, operates autonomously, stores data on a blockchain and has incentives in the form of utility tokens. DApp performs on a protocol that shows proof of value.
Dapp，dApp或去中心化應(yīng)用程序，是一個(gè)開(kāi)源的應(yīng)用程序，可以自主運(yùn)行，將數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在區(qū)塊鏈中，并以代幣的形式提供激勵(lì)。 DAPP在顯示價(jià)值證明的協(xié)議上執(zhí)行。
DAC
Decentralised Autonomous Charity — a type of DAO, the purpose of which is solely non-profit activity. DACs like Giveth strive to automate the donation process, making it more efficient and transparent.
去中心化自治慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，是DAO的一種，其目的僅為非營(yíng)利活動(dòng)。譬如，像Giveth這樣的DAC努力實(shí)現(xiàn)捐贈(zèng)過(guò)程的自動(dòng)化，使其更加高效和透明。
DAO
Decentralised Autonomous Organization was conceived as a corporation run without any human intervention.?
去中心化自治組織，一個(gè)沒(méi)有任何人為干預(yù)的公司/組織。
Distributed Ledger 分布式賬本
Distributed ledgers are ledgers in which data is stored across a network of decentralized nodes.?
分布式賬本是分類(lèi)賬，其中數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在分散節(jié)點(diǎn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中。
DLT
Distributed Ledger Technology or DLT is a general name for a class of technology that relies on distributed ledgers and cryptography. Blockchain is an example of DLT.
分布式分類(lèi)帳技術(shù)或DLT是依賴(lài)于分布式分類(lèi)帳和加密技術(shù)這一類(lèi)技術(shù)的通用名稱(chēng)。區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)荄LT的一個(gè)例子。
Distributed Network 分布式網(wǎng)絡(luò)
A type of network where processing power and data are shared across nodes rather than possessed by a centralised server or entity.
分布式網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，處理能力和數(shù)據(jù)在節(jié)點(diǎn)之間共享，而不是由集中式服務(wù)器或?qū)嶓w擁有。
Digital Signature 電子簽名
A digital code generated by public key encryption which is attached to a document transmitted electronically. Digital signature verifies the contents and the sender’s identity.
由公鑰加密生成的數(shù)字代碼，附加到以電子方式傳輸?shù)奈臋n中。數(shù)字簽名用于驗(yàn)證內(nèi)容和發(fā)件人的身份。
Double Spending 雙重支付
Double-spending?is a potential flaw in a?digital cash?scheme in which the same single digital token can be spent more than once. This is possible because a digital token consists of a digital file that can be duplicated or falsified. As with?counterfeit money, such double-spending leads to?inflation?by creating a new amount of fraudulent currency that did not previously exist. This devalues the currency relative to other monetary units, and diminishes user trust as well as the?circulation?and retention of the currency. Fundamental cryptographic techniques to prevent double-spending while preserving anonymity in a transaction are?blind signatures?and particularly in offline systems,?secret splitting.?Therefore, they have to solve this issue with help of different consensus protocols.
雙重支付（又稱(chēng)一幣多付、雙花攻擊）是一種數(shù)字貨幣失敗模式的構(gòu)想，即同一個(gè)數(shù)字token可以被花用兩次及以上。電子文件可被復(fù)制，所以“花用”這個(gè)行為并不會(huì)從原持有者身上移除擁有的狀態(tài)，也就是"創(chuàng)建"已支付但未移除的貨幣，加上屬于收款者的已支付的同金額貨幣，或是使收款者憑空多出多重支付的金額，猶如偽鈔般，造成通貨膨脹而導(dǎo)致貨幣貶值，從而不再讓人信任并愿意持有及流通。它是一種攻擊去中心化代幣的攻擊手段。因此，必須借助不同的共識(shí)協(xié)議來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
ERC20
It is a token standard developed by Ethereum community for interoperability with tokens of other projects. ERC223 and ERC721 are additional types of the token standard on the Ethereum network. ERC827 is one of the latest improvements to ERC20.
ERC20是由以太坊社區(qū)開(kāi)發(fā)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)代幣，用于與其他代幣進(jìn)行互操作。 ERC223和ERC721是以太坊網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的其他類(lèi)型的代幣。 ERC827是ERC20的最新改進(jìn)之一。
Ethereum 以太坊
Ethereum is a blockchain-based decentralised platform for apps that run smart contracts, and is aimed at solving issues associated with censorship, fraud and third party intervention.?
以太坊是一個(gè)基于區(qū)塊鏈的去中心化操作平臺(tái)，適用于運(yùn)行智能合約，旨在解決與審查、欺詐和第三方干預(yù)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題。
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a Turing complete virtual machine that lets anyone perform arbitrary EVM Byte Code. Each Ethereum node operates on the EVM to maintain consensus across the blockchain.
以太坊虛擬機(jī)（EVM）是圖靈完整的虛擬機(jī)，可讓任何人執(zhí)行任意EVM字節(jié)代碼。每個(gè)以太坊節(jié)點(diǎn)都在EVM上運(yùn)行，以保持區(qū)塊鏈的一致性。
Fork 分叉
To fork means to create an alternative version of the existing blockchain, leaving two blockchains to act simultaneously on separate parts of the network.
Fork分叉這個(gè)動(dòng)作意味著創(chuàng)建一個(gè)替代版本，使兩個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈同時(shí)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不同部分上運(yùn)行。
Genesis Block 創(chuàng)世塊
The very first block on a blockchain. It includes all the primary settings a blockchain needs.?
區(qū)塊鏈上的第一個(gè)區(qū)塊，它包括區(qū)塊鏈所需的所有主要設(shè)置。
Hard Fork 硬分叉
A permanent divergence in the the block chain, commonly occurs when non-upgraded nodes can’t validate blocks created by upgraded nodes that follow newer consensus rules.
區(qū)塊鏈發(fā)生永久性分歧，在新共識(shí)規(guī)則發(fā)布后，部分沒(méi)有升級(jí)的節(jié)點(diǎn)無(wú)法驗(yàn)證已經(jīng)升級(jí)的節(jié)點(diǎn)生產(chǎn)的區(qū)塊，通常硬分叉就會(huì)發(fā)生。
Hash 哈希
The act of performing a hash function on the output data.?
對(duì)輸出數(shù)據(jù)執(zhí)行散列函數(shù)的行為。
Hash Function 哈希函數(shù)
A?hash function?is any?function?that can be used to map?data?of arbitrary size to data of a fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called?hash values,?hash codes,?digests, or simply?hashes. Hash functions are often used in combination with a?hash table, a common data structure used in computer software for rapid data lookup. Hash functions accelerate table or database lookup by detecting duplicated records in a large file. One such application is finding similar stretches in DNA sequences. They are also useful in?cryptography.?
哈希函數(shù)，是一種從任何一種數(shù)據(jù)中創(chuàng)建小的數(shù)字“指紋”的方法。散列函數(shù)把消息或數(shù)據(jù)壓縮成摘要，使得數(shù)據(jù)量變小，將數(shù)據(jù)的格式固定下來(lái)。該函數(shù)將數(shù)據(jù)打亂混合，重新創(chuàng)建一個(gè)叫做散列值（hash values，hash codes，hash sums，或hashes）的“指紋”。
SHA-256計(jì)算算法是比特幣中使用的加密哈希的一個(gè)例子。其他例子包括以太坊中的Ethash，Litecoin中的Scrypt和Monero中的CryptoNight。
Hash Rate 哈希率
Measurement of efficiency for the mining rig expressed in hashes per second.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)處理能力的測(cè)量單位，以每秒哈希數(shù)計(jì)量的采礦設(shè)備效率。
Hybrid（混合） PoW+PoS
A hybrid PoW+PoS allows for both Proof of Work and Proof of Stake as consensus algorithms on the network. In this method, a balance between miners and voters (holders) may be achieved, creating a system of community-based governance by both insiders (holders) and outsiders (miners).
混合PoW + PoS，允許PoW和PoS作為網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的一致性算法。在這種方法中，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)礦工和選民（持有人）之間的平衡，由內(nèi)部人（持有人）和外部人（礦工）建立一個(gè)基于社區(qū)的治理體系。
Mining 挖礦
Mining is a procedure of validating blockchain transactions. The necessity of validation guarantees an incentive for the miners, usually in the form of tokens.
挖礦是驗(yàn)證區(qū)塊鏈交易的過(guò)程。驗(yàn)證的必要性保證了對(duì)礦工的激勵(lì)，通常以代幣的形式發(fā)放。
Multi-Signature 多重簽名
Multi-signature addresses provide an added layer of security by requiring more than one key to authorize a transaction.
多重簽名通過(guò)要求多個(gè)密鑰來(lái)授權(quán)事務(wù)，從而保證更高的安全性。
Oracle
Oracle works by connecting the real world and blockchain and providing data to the smart contracts.
Oracle連接現(xiàn)實(shí)世界和區(qū)塊鏈，并為智能合約提供數(shù)據(jù)。
Peer to Peer 點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)
Peer to Peer (P2P) refers to the decentralized interactions between two parties or more in a highly-interconnected network. Participants of a P2P network deal directly with each other through a single mediation point.?
點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)（P2P）是指在高度互聯(lián)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中雙方或更多方之間的分散交互。 P2P網(wǎng)絡(luò)的參與者通過(guò)單個(gè)調(diào)解點(diǎn)直接相互處理。
Public Address 公鑰
A public address is the cryptographic hash of a public key. It acts as an email address that can be published anywhere, unlike private keys.
Public Address是公鑰的加密哈希。它扮演電子郵件地址角色，可以在任何地方發(fā)布，與私鑰不同。
Private Key 私鑰
A private key is a string of of alphanumeric characters. It acts as a password which is hidden from anyone but the owner of the address.
私鑰是一串字母數(shù)字字符，相當(dāng)于密碼，不可以讓他人知曉。
Proof of Stake
A consensus algorithm that rewards earnings based on the number of coins you own or hold. The more you invest in the coin, the more you gain by staking with this protocol.
PoS是一種共識(shí)算法，根據(jù)持有的代幣數(shù)量獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)收入。持有的代幣越多，通過(guò)使用這個(gè)協(xié)議獲得的收益就越多。
Proof of Work
A consensus algorithm that requires an active role in producing or “mining” data blocks. The process often consumes resources such as electricity. The more “work” you perform, the more coins you get as a reward.?
PoW是一種共識(shí)算法，獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)者需在生成區(qū)塊或挖礦時(shí)發(fā)揮積極作用，過(guò)程通常消耗諸如電力之類(lèi)的資源。執(zhí)行的“工作”越多，獲得的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)就越多。
Smart Contracts 智能合約
Smart contracts encode definitive rules in a programmable language onto the blockchain and are enforced by the participants of the network. Using the “if-then” structure they allow automating a business and other applications.
智能合約將可編程語(yǔ)言中的確定性規(guī)則編碼到區(qū)塊鏈上，并由網(wǎng)絡(luò)參與者強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。使用“if-then”結(jié)構(gòu)，有外部觸發(fā)條件，過(guò)程自動(dòng)化，且不可逆，不可篡改。
Soft Fork 軟分叉
A soft fork is also an update to the system. However, it requires most miners upgrading in order to enforce, while a hard fork requires all nodes to agree on the new version. Since old nodes recognize the new blocks as valid, a soft fork is essentially backward-compatible.
軟分叉也是對(duì)系統(tǒng)的更新。但是，它需要的是大多數(shù)礦工升級(jí)才能執(zhí)行，而硬分叉則要求所有節(jié)點(diǎn)都同意新版本。由于舊節(jié)點(diǎn)將新區(qū)塊識(shí)別為有效，因此軟分叉基本上是向后兼容的。
Solidity
Solidity is a programming language for developing smart contracts on Ethereum.
Solidity是一種用于在以太坊上開(kāi)發(fā)智能合約的編程語(yǔ)言。
Testnet測(cè)試網(wǎng)
A test blockchain that developers use to prevent expending assets on the main chain.
開(kāi)發(fā)人員用以測(cè)試，避免在主鏈上的資金消耗。
Transaction Fee 手續(xù)費(fèi)
Cryptocurrency transactions incur a small transaction fee. These fees add up to account for the block reward that a miner receives when he or she successfully processes a block.
加密貨幣交易支付給礦工的少量交易費(fèi)用。
以上字典條目?jī)H對(duì)比特幣成立，但大部分也適用于其他區(qū)塊鏈。接下來(lái)是對(duì)EOS系統(tǒng)賬戶(hù)名稱(chēng)及用途的介紹。
EOS系統(tǒng)賬戶(hù)專(zhuān)區(qū)
eosio.msig
多重簽名管理的賬戶(hù)。
eosio.names
靚號(hào)賬戶(hù)拍賣(mài)管理的賬戶(hù)。
eosio.ram
RAM內(nèi)存交易管理的賬戶(hù)。
eosio.ramfee
RAM內(nèi)存交易收取手續(xù)費(fèi)的賬戶(hù)。
eosio.saving
增發(fā)的EOS臨時(shí)存放在系統(tǒng)賬戶(hù)中，每年增發(fā)總量?5%，其中80%放在此賬戶(hù)，另外?20%再分成25%和75%，分別給eosio.bpay和eosio.vpay。
eosio.stake
管理EOS抵押的賬戶(hù)。
eosio.token
發(fā)行和管理代幣的賬戶(hù)。
eosio.vpay
按照獲得投票多少比例獲取獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的臨時(shí)代管賬戶(hù)，增發(fā)EOS部分*20%后的75%會(huì)先轉(zhuǎn)到這個(gè)賬戶(hù)。
eosio.bpay
增發(fā)EOS部分*20%后的25%會(huì)先轉(zhuǎn)到這個(gè)賬戶(hù)。
?【EOS Cochain】Technology Oriented? ??
Cochain跨鏈科技以技術(shù)作為團(tuán)隊(duì)的核心力量，團(tuán)隊(duì)技術(shù)人員致力于研究最前沿的區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)，包括不僅限于跨鏈協(xié)議、DAPP擴(kuò)展、區(qū)塊鏈性能擴(kuò)展等。
團(tuán)隊(duì)將最益于EOS生態(tài)繁榮的前沿技術(shù)，融入EOS Cochain的打造中，服務(wù)于區(qū)塊鏈行業(yè)，服務(wù)于區(qū)塊鏈用戶(hù)。
感謝閱讀
