引言
由于Android對消息機(jī)制的封裝,開發(fā)者在平常的開發(fā)過程中,直接使用Handler對象就能滿足大部分的應(yīng)用場景,是否了解Android的消息機(jī)制對開發(fā)來說并沒有太大的影響。但Android的消息機(jī)制對開發(fā)者來說還是有很大啟發(fā)的,因為這里面有完整的異步消息處理機(jī)制以及Android的設(shè)計思路,有很大參考價值。
在最開始接觸Android的時候就了解了Android的消息機(jī)制,但在使用過程中總是選擇性的忽視一些問題:
- Handler具體是如何實現(xiàn)跨線程通信的?
- Handler中post的一系列方法與send的一系列方法有什么關(guān)系與不同?
- Handler是如何與線程中的Looper進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)的?
- 在主線程不斷循環(huán)的Looper,為什么不會引起ANR?
- Looper對象的內(nèi)部實現(xiàn)機(jī)制是怎樣?
因此,圍繞以上問題,查閱《Android開發(fā)藝術(shù)探索》及源碼,經(jīng)過學(xué)習(xí)研究之后在這里進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
Android的消息機(jī)制
Android的消息機(jī)制主要由MessageQueue 、Looper 、Handler三者支撐,三者的關(guān)系可以概括為:
Looper 中維護(hù)著一個MessageQueue, Handler發(fā)送的消息會進(jìn)入到MessageQueue也就是消息隊列中,同時Looper會不斷的輪詢MessageQueue中是否有消息,如果存在消息,Looper將消息從MessageQueue中取出,交給Handler處理(下文會進(jìn)行具體分析)。
MessageQueue
MessageQueue中主要進(jìn)行兩個操作,消息的插入與讀取,分別由enqueueMessage與next兩個方法實現(xiàn)
enqueueMessage源碼如下
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
可以看到,enqueueMessage中通過鏈表的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)來維護(hù)消息列表,把從外部傳遞進(jìn)來的消息(參數(shù)msg)插入到消息列表中。
next源碼如下
Message next() {
// Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
// This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
// which is not supported.
final long ptr = mPtr;
if (ptr == 0) {
return null;
}
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
// If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
// Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
// in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
// Run the idle handlers.
// We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
boolean keep = false;
try {
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
// Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
// While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
// so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
}
}
從以上代碼可以了解到next方法中啟動了一個無限循環(huán),結(jié)束該循環(huán)只有兩種情況
- 當(dāng)消息列表中有新消息插入,next方法會返回這條消息并把這條消息從消息列表中移除
- mQuitting為true,next方法會返回null
Looper
要了解Looper的機(jī)制可以從Looper中的兩個方法入手——prepare()和loop()。
首先是prepare(),用來在當(dāng)前線程中創(chuàng)建Looper
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
首先可以看到一個sThreadLocal對象,在Looper中它的定義如下
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
sThreadLocal對象是用于存放當(dāng)前線程啟動的Looper對象,從以上代碼可以了解到兩點
- 在某線程中可以通過Looper.prepare()來創(chuàng)建Looper
- 某線程中最多只能創(chuàng)建一個Looper,否則會拋出異常(Only one Looper may be created per thread)
然后是loop(),loop()的作用主要是啟動對MessageQueue的輪詢,一般由線程直接調(diào)用Looper.loop()
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
以上代碼中核心部分主要關(guān)注for循環(huán)中內(nèi)容,可以看到loop()方法執(zhí)行后就通過for(;;)啟動了無限循環(huán),對Looper中的MessageQueue輪詢,也就是不斷的通過MessageQueue的next方法取出消息,當(dāng)取出的消息不為空時則執(zhí)行msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)觸發(fā)Handler處理消息;由上文對MessageQueue的介紹中可以知道,如果消息列表中沒有消息,next方法則會阻塞,因此loop()方法當(dāng)消息列表中沒有消息時是處于阻塞狀態(tài)。
那么什么時候觸發(fā)
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
退出循環(huán)呢?由上文對MessageQueue的介紹中可以知道當(dāng)mQuitting為true時,next方法會返回null
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
這時Looper中quit的相關(guān)方法就派上用場了
public void quit() {
mQueue.quit(false);
}
public void quitSafely() {
mQueue.quit(true);
}
再看一下MessageQueue中的quit方法
void quit(boolean safe) {
if (!mQuitAllowed) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Main thread not allowed to quit.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
return;
}
mQuitting = true;
if (safe) {
removeAllFutureMessagesLocked();
} else {
removeAllMessagesLocked();
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting was previously false.
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
可以看到經(jīng)過一系列的調(diào)用,mQuitting 被賦值為true,因此在處理完所有事件,需要終止Looper的無限輪詢時,要調(diào)用Looper中quit的相關(guān)方法終止loop方法中的無限循環(huán),否則Looper所在線程就會一直處于等待狀態(tài)。
Handler
為了實現(xiàn)子線程進(jìn)行IO操作,然后在主線程更新UI,避免ANR的應(yīng)用場景,通常會使用Handler實現(xiàn)跨線程通信
在主線程創(chuàng)建Handler對象并重寫handleMessage方法,在該方法中接收并處理消息,如下
Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.handleMessage(msg);
}
};
在子線程通過mHandler發(fā)送消息
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
那么這兩段代碼背后的運行機(jī)制是怎樣的?
先從Handler的構(gòu)造方法入手,如下
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
可以看到我們調(diào)用的無參構(gòu)造方法Handler() 最終調(diào)用的是Handler(Callback callback, boolean async),根據(jù)Handler(Callback callback, boolean async)可以看到,Handler去獲取了當(dāng)前線程的Looper對象,通過以上代碼可以得出以下結(jié)論:
- 創(chuàng)建Handler的線程必須維護(hù)者一個Looper對象,否則會拋出異常,所以在普通Thread中通過Handler()創(chuàng)建Handler對象前沒有調(diào)用Looper.prepare()是會導(dǎo)致異常的
- 通過 Looper.myLooper() 獲得的Looper對象應(yīng)該是運行在創(chuàng)建Handler的線程中的,否則無法管理跨線程通信
- 通過獲取到的Looper對象獲取該Looper對象中的消息隊列即代碼中的**mQueue **
Looper.myLooper()代碼如下
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
可以看到Looper 對象是通過sThreadLocal來獲取的,sThreadLocal中的Looper對象通過上文對Looper的介紹可以知道是在線程調(diào)用Looper.prepare()時賦值的
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
那么問題來了,Looper中的靜態(tài)變量sThreadLocal
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
在多個線程分別都調(diào)用了Looper的prepare方法之后,是如何維護(hù)不同線程中的Looper對象的呢,也就是說Looper的myLooper方法是如何獲取到當(dāng)前線程中的Looper的 Looper對象呢?
分別看下ThreadLocal的set和get方法
public void set(T value) {
Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
Values values = values(currentThread);
if (values == null) {
values = initializeValues(currentThread);
}
values.put(this, value);
}
public T get() {
// Optimized for the fast path.
Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
Values values = values(currentThread);
if (values != null) {
Object[] table = values.table;
int index = hash & values.mask;
if (this.reference == table[index]) {
return (T) table[index + 1];
}
} else {
values = initializeValues(currentThread);
}
return (T) values.getAfterMiss(this);
}
抽象的看以上代碼,可以看到ThreadLocal的set和get方法并不是簡單的參數(shù)賦值與獲取,而是將要存取的對象與當(dāng)前線程Thread.currentThread()產(chǎn)生關(guān)聯(lián),以實現(xiàn)在不同線程中的同一個ThreadLocal對象獲取到不同的目標(biāo)對象。
綜上所述,當(dāng)前線程有調(diào)用Looper.prepare()的情況下在調(diào)用new Handler()之后,Handler對象就能獲取到當(dāng)前線程中的Looper對象及Looper持有的MessageQueue對象
初始化之后就是發(fā)送消息了,接下來看一下Handler的消息發(fā)送機(jī)制
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
從以上代碼可以知道,在外部調(diào)用了sendMessage(Message msg)之后最終執(zhí)行的是enqueueMessage方法(send與post的一系列方法最終調(diào)用的都是enqueueMessage),所以我們主要關(guān)注enqueueMessage方法,在該方法中讓要發(fā)送的Message對象持有當(dāng)前Handler的引用(msg.target = this),最后將Message對象插入消息列表(queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis))
綜上所述,可以總結(jié)如下:
- 1.在需要處理消息的線程中調(diào)用Looper.prepare()創(chuàng)建該線程的Looper對象,調(diào)用Looper.loop()啟動消息輪詢(主線程ActivityThread已默認(rèn)調(diào)用Looper.prepareMainLooper()與Looper.loop(),因此在Activity等在主線程運行的組件中可以直接調(diào)用new Handler()而不會拋出異常)
- 2.通過new Handler()創(chuàng)建Handler對象,經(jīng)過一系列調(diào)用會將Handler與當(dāng)前的線程的Looper與MessageQueue進(jìn)行綁定
- 3.Handler通過sendMessage發(fā)送消息,其實本質(zhì)上就是調(diào)用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法將消息對象插入消息列表中
- 4.當(dāng)MessageQueue的消息列表中插入消息時,MessageQueue的next結(jié)束阻塞返回Message對象,Looper在loop方法的循環(huán)中獲取到Message對象,通過msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)將消息交給Handler處理
看一下Handler的dispatchMessage
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}
可以看到在dispatchMessage中優(yōu)先處理Message中的callback,這個callback其實就是在post一系列方法中傳遞過來的Runnable
public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
mCallback 是一個接口,是在Handler的構(gòu)造方法中傳遞進(jìn)來的,可以看到當(dāng)mCallback 中的handleMessage方法返回值為true時Handler將不會執(zhí)行Handler中handleMessage方法。
總結(jié)
結(jié)合上文對MessageQueue 、Looper 、Handler三者的分析,再回頭看開頭提到的幾個問題
Handler具體是如何實現(xiàn)跨線程通信的?
以子線程進(jìn)行IO操作,然后在主線程更新UI,避免ANR的應(yīng)用場景為例:
- 1.系統(tǒng)在主線程ActivityThread中已經(jīng)調(diào)用Looper.prepareMainLooper()創(chuàng)建主線程的Looper,并調(diào)用Looper.loop(),啟動輪詢,不斷地通過MessageQueue的next方法從消息列表中取出消息,當(dāng)沒有消息是,next處于阻塞狀態(tài),Looper.loop()也處于阻塞狀態(tài)
- 2.當(dāng)我們在Activity等運行在主線程的組件中創(chuàng)建Handler時,Handler通過Looper.myLooper()獲取與當(dāng)前線程也就是主線程關(guān)聯(lián)的Looper對象,同時Handler也持有了Looper中的MessageQueue
- 3.子線程持有主線程創(chuàng)建的Handler對象,在子線程中通過Handler的send或post的系列方法發(fā)送消息,send與post的系列方法最終都是通過Handler持有的MessageQueue對象調(diào)用enqueueMessage方法將消息插入隊列,觸發(fā)在主線程主線程中輪詢的Looper用過loop()取出消息,并在loop()中調(diào)用Handler的dispatchMessage方法,將消息交由Handler處理,最終達(dá)到了子線程進(jìn)行IO操作后發(fā)送消息,主線程處理消息并刷新UI的目的
Handler中post的一系列方法與send的一系列方法有什么關(guān)系與不同?
- 從上文對Handler的介紹中可以知道,Handler中post的一系列方法與send的一系列方法本質(zhì)上最終都是通過MessageQueue對象調(diào)用enqueueMessage進(jìn)行消息插入操作,只是在調(diào)用優(yōu)先級上存在一點差別,具體從Handler的dispatchMessage方法可以看出
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
Handler是如何與線程中的Looper進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)的?
通過上文可以知道,Looper是在線程中通過Looper.preare()(主線程為preareMainLooper)創(chuàng)建的,preare的內(nèi)部通過ThreadLocal將Looper保存并與當(dāng)前線程相關(guān)聯(lián),Handler中通過Looper.myLooper獲取到Looper,myLooper的內(nèi)部則也是通過ThreadLocal來獲取Looper,從而完成了Handler與當(dāng)前線程中的Looper的關(guān)聯(lián)
Looper對象的內(nèi)部實現(xiàn)機(jī)制是怎樣?
具體參考上文對Looper的分析,這里就不重復(fù)展開
那么還有一個問題
在主線程不斷循環(huán)的Looper,為什么不會引起ANR?
主線程中的Looper.loop()一直無限循環(huán)為什么不會造成ANR?http://www.itdecent.cn/p/cfe50b8b0a41
這篇文章已經(jīng)回答了這個問題