2019年教師招聘英語學科專業(yè)知識考點梳理
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第一部分詞法
考點九動詞的時態(tài)
一、一般現(xiàn)在時
1.概念:經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。也可表示客觀規(guī)律以及在時間、條件狀語從句中表將來時(主將從現(xiàn))
2.時間狀語:??
always,?usually,?often,?sometimes,?every?week/day/year/month…,?once?a?week,?on?Sundays,??
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):?
①be動詞:am/is/are???②行為動詞:動詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)。
4.否定形式:?
①am/is/are+not;?②?don’t?/doesn’t?+動詞原形+……??
5.一般疑問句:?
①把be動詞放于句首;②?Do/Does?+…+動詞原形+…???
[if !supportLists]一、[endif]一般過去時
1.概念:過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài);過去習慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作、行為。
2.時間狀語:ago,?yesterday,?the?day?before?yesterday,?last?week(year,?night,?month...),?
in?1989,?just?now,?at?the?age?of?5,?one?day,?long?long?ago,?once?upon?a?time,...
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):?
①be動詞;was/were?…?
②行為動詞?:動詞的過去式?
4.否定形式:?
①was/were+not;???②?didn’t?+動詞原形?
5.一般疑問句:?①was或were放于句首;②?Did?+…+動詞原形……??
三、現(xiàn)在進行時
1.概念:?表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。??
2.時間狀語:?now,?at?this?time,?these?days,?look/listen?,can?you?see???Can’t?you?see??之類的暗示語。?
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):??am/is/are+doing??
4.否定形式:??am/is/are+not+doing.??
5.一般疑問句:??Is?/Are?…+doing?sth???
四、過去進行時
1.概念:?表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進行的行為或動作。??
2.時間狀語:?at?this/that?time?yesterday,?at?that?time?,at?six, yesterday?evening?,from?eight?o’clock?to?nine?o’clock?last?night??或以when/while引導的時間狀語(過去進行時+when+一般過去時/?一般過去時+while?+過去進行時/過去進行時+while?+過去進行時)。??
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):??was/were+doing??
4.否定形式:??was/were?+?not?+?doing.??
5.一般疑問句:???把was或were放于句首。?
五、現(xiàn)在完成時
1.概念:?過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。??
2.時間狀語:?recently,?lately,?since..., for..., in?the?past?few?years,?already, yet?,never?,ever,?just,?before,?so?far?,once,?twice?etc.??
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):??have/has?+?done??
4.否定形式:??have/has?+?not?+done
5.一般疑問句:?把have或has放于句首。?
7.注意?
①have?been?to?/have?gone?to?/have?been?in?的區(qū)別?
have?been?to?+地點??表示曾經(jīng)去過某地,現(xiàn)人已返回。?
have?gone?to?+地點??表示人已去了某地,人還未返回。
have?been?in?+地點?表示在某地呆多長時間。?
②與時間段連用時,短暫性動詞應(yīng)改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞。
I have left school for 20 years. (×)
I have been away from school for 20 years. (√)
③慣用句型:
A)主語+短暫性動詞的過去式+?時間+ago??
B)主語+have/has?+延續(xù)性動詞的過去分詞+for…./since?….?ago?.??
C).It’s/It has been?+時間段+since?+短暫性動詞的過去式?
D).時間段+has?passed?+since?+短暫性動詞的過去式??
His?grandfather?died?two?years?ago?.?
His?grandfather?has?been dead for?two?years/since 2017.??
It’s/It has been two?years?since his?grandfather?died.?
Two?years?has passed since his?grandfather?died.?
④現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時態(tài),側(cè)重于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過去時側(cè)重于表示過去的動作與現(xiàn)在無關(guān),若詢問該動作發(fā)生的具體的時間時,只能用一般現(xiàn)在時。
Has?he?returned?the?library?book???Yes,?he?has.?
When?did?he?return it??He?returned it?yesterday?afternoon.
六、過去完成時
1.概念:?以過去某個時間為標準,在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”。??
2.時間狀語:?
①before+過去時間,by+?過去時間
by?the?end?of?last?year(term,?month?)?
②by?the?time?+從句(一般過去時),主句(過去完成時)?
③用于由when?,after?,?before?引導的時間狀語從句中,前后兩動作都發(fā)生在過去。
過去完成時+when/before?+一般過去時
一般過去時+after?+過去完成時
④用于賓語從句中。
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):?had?+?done
4.否定形式:?had?+?not?+?done
5.一般疑問句:?把had放于句首。??
七、一般將來時
1.概念:?表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準備做某事。??
2.時間狀語:?tomorrow,?next?day(week,?month,?year?)?,soon,?in+一段時間,?by...,?the?day?after?tomorrow,?this?evening?,tonight???
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):?
①shall/will + 動詞原型?
②be going to + 動詞原型
③be to + 動詞原型
④be on the point of/be about to表示”正要做某事”,不與時間狀語連用,但可和when從句連用
4.【慣用句型】祈使句/短語+and/or+主語+will
Work hard and you will succeed. ?
Work hard or you will fail.
考點十動詞的語態(tài)
[if !supportLists]一、[endif]語態(tài)的概念
語態(tài)是指特殊的動詞形式,用以表示動作的主語和賓語之間的關(guān)系。英語的語態(tài)有兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)(Active Voice)中主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)(Passive Voice中主語是動作的承受者。
主動語態(tài):Many people speak English.
被動語態(tài):English is spoken by many people.
二、被動語態(tài)的用法
1. 不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要。 The house was built in 1950. ?
2. 需要強調(diào)動作的承受者。如果同時將動作的發(fā)出者表達出來,可以在發(fā)出者前面加上by。
He was awarded first prize in that contest. ???
He was brought up by his grandmother. ?
[if !supportLists]2.?[endif]為了使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn),避免提到是誰做的這件事。
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
三、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式
1)一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are?+done??
2)現(xiàn)在進行時?am/is?/are?being?done?
3)現(xiàn)在完成時has?/have?been?done?
4)一般過去時was/were?done?
5)過去進行時was/were?being?done?
6)過去完成時had?been?done?
7)一般將來時 will/shall be done
四、主動形式表示被動意義的情況
1.表示事物自然屬性時,用實義動詞(主動形式)+副詞(有時不加),表示被動意義。如:The pen writes well. 這支筆很好寫。
The magazine sells well. 這本雜志很好賣。
2.實義動詞need, want, require, deserve, demand后接doing形式,可表示to be done的含義,如:
The house needs repairing. = The house needs to be repaired. ??
3.某些連系動詞使用主動語態(tài)而表示被動的含義,如:
Einstein's theory proved to be correct.
Good?medicine?tastes?bitter.
4.blame和let的不定式作表語時,可用主動語態(tài)表示被動意義
He was to blame for their deaths. 他要為他們的死負責。
The house is to let. ?此房出租。
5.動詞不定式的主動表被動:
①當不定式與它修飾的詞之間為動賓關(guān)系,并且與句子的主語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時,用主動形式表被動含義,如:
We have many problems to solve. ?
② sb/sth + be + adj. + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,若句子的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語,可用不定式的主動表示被動意義,如:
Some problems are not easy to solve. ?
6.在too…to…及enough?to...結(jié)構(gòu)中有時表示被動意義。
The?problem?is?too?difficult?to?solve.?
五、It?is?said?that+從句及其他類似句型
一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe,?consider,?expect,?report,?say,?suppose,?think等可以用于句型“It+be+過去分詞+that從句”或“主語+be+過去分詞+to?do?sth.”。如:
It?is?said?that…?據(jù)說
It?is?reported?that…據(jù)報道
It?is?believed?that…大家相信
It?is?hoped?that…大家希望
It?is?well?known?that…眾所周知
It?is?thought?that…大家認為
It?is?suggested?that…據(jù)建議
It is taken granted that… 被視為當然
It has been decided that… 大家決定
It must be remember that…務(wù)必記住的是
六、省略to?的不定式作賓補的被動語態(tài)
make/let/have/see/hear/feel/watch/make sb do?sth?→sb?+?be?+made?+to?do?sth
【口訣】感使動詞真叫怪,to來to去記心懷,主動語態(tài)to離去,被動語態(tài)to回來。
The?boss?made?the?workers?work?all?day. ??
The?workers?were made to work?all?day?by?the?boss.?