The slumps that shaped modern finance
Finance is not merely prone to crises, it is shaped by them. Five historical crises show how aspects of today’s financial system originated—and offer lessons for today’s regulators
1.?? Widely disliked and often considered grubby, it has nonetheless played an indispensable role in human development for at least 7,000 years
body: XXX and XXX (to describe the state), they have nonetheless played an indispensable role in deciding XXX
?Ignored or considered unimportant, these three issues have nonetheless played an indispensable role in deciding whether to investigate or not.
2. By providing these two kinds of service, a well-tuned financial system smooths away life’s sharpest ups and downs, making an uncertain world more predictable.
body: By doing XXX, X smooths away life’s sharpest ups and downs, making XXX
3. leaving its legacy of unemployment and debt, it is worth asking if the right things are being done to support what is good about finance and to remove what is poisonous.
Leaving alone XXX, it is worth asking if XXX
4. other parts of finance deemed essential are given more state support
Some students deemed excellent are selected to take part in the competition.
5. ?Yet well-intentioned reforms have made this problem worse
Yet XXX has made XXX
Yet 做起承轉合，增強語氣，是很地道的表達
6. The fact that professional investors can lean on the state would have made him angry.
The fact that XXX would have made XX
7. ?But they also highlight how successive reforms have tended to insulate investors from risk, and thus offer lessons to regulators in the current post-crisis era.
XXX highlights how XXX has tended to XXX.
sth. offers lessons to sb.
8. ?If one man deserves credit for both the brilliance and the horrors of modern finance it is Alexander Hamilton.
If one problem needs review it is XXX.
9. ?Already massive, it then ballooned.
Already XXX, it then XXX.
10. As many as 20 carriages a week raced between the two cities to exploit opportunities for arbitrage.
Working nine to five
1. Surprising though it may be to employees who expect firms to indulge their odd working hours, their tastes in coffee and their pets, the answer is often yes.
通過自問自答的方式來表達，對于一部分人可能不可思議，但是這種情況確實廣泛存在。
2. Today Twitter and other social media broadcast employees’ thoughts
用broadcast 刻畫大家都可以看得見你的post。
Youth always broadcast their lives on Twitter or Facebook about what they do and how they feel. But will these
posts lead to personal information leaks? Surprisingly it may be for those who expect
their friends to keep tracking their state, but the answer is yes.
3. they also make it easy for anyone who is offended to put together a mob and retaliate against the poster and their employer.
put together a mob 本意是聚眾鬧事，但是這里的意思應該是說，將所有的不滿堆積在一起發(fā)泄出來，有點像吵架時候細數(shù)對方不是的感覺。
4. conduct codes which
police workers’ speech
police 這里很靈性，在后面也有用govern 表達類似意思的。
5. Sacking him would have been costly, too—but not that costly.
Social distancing would have been costly, too —but not that costly as completely shut down.
6. it is clearly in society’s interest.
in在這里表達的是關于的意思。
7．In laying down clearer rules
立下規(guī)矩
8.? even after being told to stop, has crossed the line into harassment. That should be grounds for dismissal.
Your behavior has crossed the line, which is the ground for the punishment.
9. they should be able to restrict what they say there, provided they are clear and fair about it.
provided 的后面作為一個補充的成分，表示對前面內容的補充。
10. The situation is more complicated when it comes to public figures such as sports stars.
????? when it comes to 可以作為一個轉折，呈上啟下。前文中的After people go home, though, they should be able to express their
opinions freely 中的though 也是句中轉折，寫作時候可以多點轉折形式，不要局限于 However, but 之類。
11. Politicians should hold their nerve
????? hold one’s nerve 控制情緒。
????? You have to learn to hold your nerve when you are punished by the teacher for you had crossed the line in class.
Don’t waste a good crisis
1 reset their sometimes testy relations with their users
testy relations 緊張的關系
2 Otherwise big government, the other beneficiary of the COVID calamity, is likely to do it for them.
Otherwise 表示轉折，否則的話，會咋樣。。。
3 although some tech supply chains are creaking and online advertising spending has dipped, overall the big five firms are seeing surging demand.
????? although 在強調局部問題，overrall是在綜述整體。起到了起承轉合的作用。
4 these firms have outperformed the market
?performs better than!
5 trouble was brewing in the land of unicorns
brew 是釀造的意思，麻煩在醞釀。
6. Among many firms catering to consumers, the strategy of growing at all costs, known as “blitzscaling”, had turned out to be?flawed.
catering to 迎合某人。at all cost 不計一切代價。
turn out to be flawed =
is shown to be wrong. 逼格就很不一樣。
Although catering to your girlfriend can relieve your testy relation, the trouble is still brewing for your distinct thinking modes.
This strategy turns out to be outperformed the former one, provided the sale of the company thrives for 30% after changing into the new strategy.
