期刊：Arch Gen Psychiatry（top

時間：2002

[Background]：Typically developing infants show preferential attention to social rather than inanimate stimuli, and they also prefer to focus on the more socially revealing features of ?the face ,such as the eyes rather than the mouth; in contrast, individuals with ASD seem to lack these early social predispositions.

[Method]:

The resultant videotape can then be coded for patterns of visual fixation that can be measured in terms of percentage of viewing time spent on different aspects of the social scenes.

興趣點：

1. the relative salience of major components of the viewed scenes。圖像分區(qū)：mouth, eye, body, and object regions

2.?the relationship between patterns of visual fixation and outcome measures of social competence。評價標準： level of real life social adjustment (as defined by scores on the socialization domain of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Expanded Edition [VABS-E]21) and in terms of degree of autistic social symptoms (as defined by the social domain of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS]22)

[Participants]

智力水平測試：Intellectual level was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

All 15 participants with autism were cognitively able and yet severely impaired in their social functioning, as measured using the VABS-E19: a discrepancy of more than 3.5 SD was obtained between their verbal IQ and standard scores on the socialization domain of the VABS-E

實驗者匹配： chronological age and verbal IQ (rather than full-scale IQ)

視頻材料："Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf"

每段視頻時長：30 to 60 seconds depending on the content and duration of each

chosen scene.（間隔五秒白屏

設備： dark pupil-corneal reflection video-oculography technique and hardware and software (accuracy within ±0.3° over a ±20°horizontal and vertical range)

60 samples per sec

實驗過程：Participants sat in a comfortable armchair, 63.5 cm from a 48.3-cm computer screen mounted flush within a black wooden panel. The eye-tracking baseball cap was adjusted for participant comfort and clarity of view, and a brief calibration routine followed (consisting of having each participant look at a series of 5 points). Lights in the room were dimmed so that only images displayed on the screen could be easily seen, and the audio component was played through a set of concealed speakers. Data recording began after each participant reported an adequate level of comfort, an unobstructed view of the screen, and a clearly audible soundtrack.

可靠性評估：Kappa coefficients29 and percentages of agreement were calculated to assess interrater reliability, with? of 0.82 and agreement of 87.2%, indicating “excellent agreement.

編碼方式——

嘴：0；眼：1；2：body；3：object

若在邊界上，則評估前3幀，后3幀及該幀，根據(jù)7幀區(qū)域進行編碼=》為了避免這種情況：only those shots in which the on-screen dimensions of the character’s head were greater than or equal to 5° of the participant’s field of view could be coded

數(shù)據(jù)處理： Blinks were defined by a loss of point-of-regard coordinate data

[STATISTICAL ANALYSES]

T tests with Bonferroni corrections for number of between-group comparisons

Pearson correlations were used to explore the degree of the relationship between fixation patterns and the 2 measures of social competence

[Result]

對眼部的注視時間與社會適應分數(shù)和社會殘疾分數(shù)無關，而在嘴部區(qū)域和object區(qū)域則是強相關，body區(qū)域相關性不明顯。

雖然目前的研究并沒有設計探索影響視覺固定模式的因素，但嘴和對象之間的強預測聯(lián)系，而不是眼睛的固定和社交能力的結果測量，表明未來需要追求特定的假設，更精細的研究?？谇还潭〞r間比例越高，預測社交能力水平越高的發(fā)現(xiàn)就像是違反直覺的，因此特別關注。鑒于言語技能水平與自閉癥患者獲得更好結果之間的著名聯(lián)系[34]，我們研究的參與者有可能將注意力集中在口腔上，因為這是言語來自的地方。通過把精力集中在某些他們能理解的事物上，他們可以更好地理解社會情況。然而，這種補償策略并非沒有局限，因為語言的含義經(jīng)常被非語言的社會暗示（如眼睛表情）所改變。事實上，聚焦在眼睛上的時間百分比與社交能力的測量無關，這一事實表明，對于患有自閉癥的人來說，看眼睛在理解社交情況的努力中并不具有相當大的優(yōu)勢，換句話說，眼睛對他們沒有意義。

語音閱讀的視覺注意力取決于任務的性質。如果要求參與者進行分段的言語感知任務（即猜測說話者說什么），觀眾更可能將注意力集中在口腔區(qū)域上。然而，如果參與者被要求執(zhí)行韻律語音感知任務（即，猜測說話者的聲音的變化，例如傷心，快樂或瘋狂），則觀看者更可能集中在臉部的上部區(qū)域（眼睛和眉毛）。

In other words, our findings could be related to the over reliance of individuals with autism on the literal aspects of speech at the expense of intonational cues associated with social meaning.

當面部識別任務以倒立面的形式呈現(xiàn)時，自閉癥兒童在眼睛狀況中并沒有表現(xiàn)出典型的性能減退。鑒于反轉效應的大小的增加以及從基于特征的結構到結構化處理的相關轉換標志著相對于一類對象的知覺專長的發(fā)展。孤獨癥兒童在識別嘴部特征不同的面部時具有專業(yè)知識，但在眼部特征不同時則不能。

[不足]:

although the measures reported in this study were informative, they are unlikely to be the most sensitive indicators of abnormalities in social visual pursuit in autism.

不能排除智商、注意力或感知異常影響。