Errors of Reaction

7種認知錯誤、6種過程錯誤、6種表達錯誤

最后一類錯誤是反應(yīng)錯誤，當我們表達自己想法后，想法被他人挑戰(zhàn)時，我們做出的反應(yīng)常常是錯誤的。

When we have once adopted an opinion, our pride makes us loth to?admit that we are wrong. When objections are made to our views, we are?more concerned with discovering how to combat them than how much?truth or sound sense there may be in them; we are at pains rather to find?fresh support for our own views, than to face frankly any new facts that?appear to contradict them. We all know how easy it is to become annoyed?at the suggestion that we have made a mistake; that our first feeling is?that we would rather do anything than admit it, and our first thought is?“How can I explain it away?”?

我們的驕傲使得我們不愿意承認自己的錯誤。我們認為錯誤會削弱我們的聲譽。人們?yōu)榱司S護自己的自尊、聲譽，會做出反常、錯誤之事。

To summarize, errors of reaction are face-saving devices we use to?explain away criticism of our ideas. We will discuss five specific errors—?automatic? rejection,? changing? the? subject,? shifting? the? burden? of? proof,? strawman, and attacking the critic.

automatic? rejection

接受或者反對一個論點的方式：評價這個論點，然后對其價值做出一個誠實的評估。

自動拒絕，聽不進別人建議、或者別人有反駁傾向就立即拒絕，不給別人說話、建議的余地。注意要在你的觀點和自己的觀點之間設(shè)置一段感情距離。

Changing the Subject

轉(zhuǎn)移話題、思維跳躍，說話沒有邏輯。當原話題合適，二轉(zhuǎn)換話題是為了欺騙逃避這樣是錯誤的。要迎頭直面困難。你知道答案就陳述。不知道就說你認為可能的并給出推理。不知道承認就好，并不丟臉。

Shifting the Burden of Proof

轉(zhuǎn)移責任。

strawman

稻草人 ?注意引用解釋別人觀點時要謹慎準確。把不實之詞強加到別人身上，然后指出他說的不對的地方，這是無實質(zhì)內(nèi)容的論證。

Attacking the Critic

攻擊批評者。想法和人不是同義詞。（對事不對人！）