動物們都去哪里了----現(xiàn)在人類都被封鎖著了
Where the wild things are — now that humans are locked down
疫情期間的觀察或會帶來更多的人類城市建設的規(guī)劃
（這句話直譯時的意思有點難表達，我個人理解這句話的意思是通過在疫情期間的各類觀測，會得到以往所沒有的收獲，則會讓人對城市的規(guī)劃產生更多的思考，思考如果使得人類與動物間能和諧共處）
Observations during pandemic may yield more human urban planning??
作者：哈佛職員作家???Colleen Walsh
BY?Colleen WalshHarvard Staff Writer
DATEAugust 31, 2020
由于新冠肺炎的封鎖管理迫使數(shù)十億人不得不呆在室內，野生動物開始在世界許多地方活動（大放異彩）。據報道，（可看到）郊狼在舊金山漫游，海豚在伊斯坦布爾沿岸嬉戲，野山羊在北威爾士小鎮(zhèn)的街道上徘徊游蕩。
As COVID-19 lockdowns forced billions indoors, wildlife came out to play in many parts of the world. Sightings have been reported of coyotes roaming through San Francisco, dolphins frolicking along Istanbul’s shores, and wild goats wandering the streets of a North Wales town.
研究人員一直在觀察。一組專家最近創(chuàng)造了“人為暫停（anthropause）”一詞來描述大流行期間人類活動在全球范圍內的放緩，并指出這種情況可能對人類與野生動物的相互作用（影響）產生至關重要的見解。
And researchers have been watching. One group of experts recently coined the term “anthropause” to describe the global slowdown of human activity during the pandemic and noted the conditions could produce critical insights into human-wildlife interactions.
由克里斯蒂安·魯茲（Christian Rutz）領導的研究團隊在2019–2020年間拉德克利夫研究所（Radcliffe Institute） 最近發(fā)表在《自然生態(tài)與進化》上的論文中說道：“在“人為暫?！逼陂g，協(xié)調一致的全球野生動植物研究將做出遠遠超出保護科學知識的貢獻—它將挑戰(zhàn)人類以重新考慮我們在地球上的未來?！痹撜撐南喈斢诤粲趵迷谛鹿诜窝状罅餍袝r期收集的數(shù)據研究人類活動對野生動物的影響，并暗示這種研究會產生“重新改造我們的生活方式，與其他生物種互利共存”的機會。
“Coordinated global wildlife research during the anthropause will make contributions that go well beyond informing conservation science — it will challenge humanity to reconsider our future on Earth,” wrote the team of researchers led by?Christian Rutz, 2019–2020 Grass Fellow at the?Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, in a recent?article?published in Nature Ecology & Evolution. The paper amounts to a call to study humankind’s impact on wildlife using data collected during the pandemic, and suggests such research could yield “opportunities to?reinvent the way we live our lives, and to forge a mutually beneficial coexistence with other species.”
今年春季，圣安德魯斯大學的生物學教授Rutz與一名在動物行為和烏鴉這方面的領先專家在Radcliffe獎學金的支持下共同發(fā)起了全球研究計劃。在三月份回到自己的家鄉(xiāng)蘇格蘭不久（由于新冠肺炎的大流行，比原計劃提前了幾個月），Rutz和幾位生物學家開始通過電子郵件討論如何利用人類活動暫時停歇的機會，研究它對鳥類、海洋和陸地野生動物的影響。
Rutz, a biology professor at the University of St. Andrews and a leading expert on animal tool behavior and crows, co-launched the global research initiative this spring during a Radcliffe fellowship. Shortly after returning to his home in Scotland in March (several months earlier than planned due to the pandemic) Rutz and several fellow biologists began discussing via email how they could take advantage of the pause in human movement to study its effects on avian, marine, and terrestrial wildlife.
Christian Rutz said scientists have long studied human-wildlife interactions but have struggled to understand whether animals have been most affected by human infrastructure.
Kevin Grady/Radcliffe Institute
作為國際生物日志協(xié)會的主席，該團隊由世界各地的野生生物學家組成，他們使用微小的可附加在生物體上的電子標簽（所謂的“生物記錄儀”）來跟蹤動物的活動和活動方式，Rutz知道他和他的同事有一個獨特機會收集關鍵數(shù)據，所以他們向該學會大約1000名國際成員發(fā)出了呼吁。
As the president of the International Bio-Logging Society, a group of wildlife biologists from around the world who track animal movements and activity patterns using tiny attachable electronic tags (so-called “bio-loggers”), Rutz knew he and his colleagues had a unique chance to gather key data, so they made an appeal to the society’s roughly 1,000 international members.
“我們進入封城狀態(tài)。即便如此，一直以來這些小的跟蹤設備一直在記錄大量動物的數(shù)據”他說：“我們意識到這是一次很好的機會，利用封鎖前、封鎖期間已及解封后所跟蹤到的數(shù)據，對人類與動物間的互動進行前所未有的深入的了解?！?/p>
“We went into lockdown, but all the while these little tracking devices kept recording data for a large number of animals,” he said. “We realized that there was an opportunity to use these tracking data from before, during, and after lockdown to gain unprecedented insights into human-wildlife interactions.”
? ? Rutz的團隊在文章中確定了他們的計劃，敦促有關當局允許科學家在封城期間繼續(xù)進行研究，并鼓勵當?shù)刈粉欗椖康呢撠熑撕透哔|量的人類出行數(shù)據的所有者加入他們的全球協(xié)作。
In their article, Rutz’s team defined their plan, urged relevant authorities to allow scientists to continue their research during lockdown, and encouraged leaders of local animal tracking projects and owners of high-quality human mobility data to join their global collaboration.
? ?不久，他們便收到來自同事的300多個響應，這些同事在追蹤上從小型花園鳥類到大型鯨魚的各種動物?！拔宜吹降淖詈蟮臄?shù)字表明，全球279個種群中我們已經獲得了 180個種群的數(shù)據?！?Rutz說：“這提供了一個超越軼事觀察的機會，并也提供了可以研究物種，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和地理區(qū)域更廣泛的模式?！?/p>
Soon they had more than 300 responses from colleagues tracking everything from small garden birds to massive whales. “The last numbers I’ve seen indicate that we’ve been offered data for 180 species across 279 populations from all around the globe,” Rutz said. “This provides an opportunity to go beyond anecdotal observations and to look at broader patterns across species, ecosystems, and geographic regions.”
最近幾周，社交媒體上充斥著各種圖片，展示了動物對人類活動減少的反應。有人看到海豚在意大利的里雅斯特灣游泳、在智利圣地亞哥街頭的美洲獅還有光天化日之下以色列特拉維夫公園里的豺狼。與此同時，由于封鎖，一些其他動物似乎也面臨著嚴重威脅。據報道，在世界某些地區(qū)，靠人類殘羹剩飯生存的猴子和海鷗正面臨著饑餓，而野生動物保護區(qū)的暫時關閉加劇了犀牛和大象等瀕危動物被偷獵的威脅（風險）。
Images have flooded social media in recent weeks offering glimpses of how animals are responding to having fewer humans around. Dolphins have been seen swimming in Italy’s Gulf of Trieste; pumas on the streets of Santiago, Chile; and jackals in parks in Tel Aviv, Israel, in broad daylight. But other animals appear to be facing serious threats due to the lockdowns. According to reports, monkeys and seagulls that survive on scraps of human food in some parts of the world are going hungry, and the temporary shutdown of wildlife reserves has heightened the poaching threat to endangered animals such as rhinoceroses and elephants.
Rutz 說，長期以來，科學家們一直在研究人類與野生動物之間的相互作用，但一直在想方設法弄清楚人類基礎設施對動物是否產生了的最大影響，比如建筑物和道路，人類是在動物中間的存在，還是兩者的結合。人類活動的短暫停歇”給科學家們提供了精確地回答這個問題的機會，因為，由于最悲慘的原因，人類被短暫地排除在這個等式之外。
Rutz said scientists have long studied human-wildlife interactions but have struggled to understand whether animals have been most affected by human infrastructure, such as buildings and roads, the physical presence of humans in their midst, or a combination of both. The anthropause has given scientists the chance “to get precisely at that question because, for the most tragic reasons, humans were briefly taken out of the equation,” said Rutz.
“當前社會大部分地區(qū)的封閉使世界回到了幾十年前才能觀察到的人類活動水平?！盧utz補充說：“研究人員可以研究關于人類行為的微小變化也可能對全球物種產生巨大的有益影響?！?/p>
The current closure of large parts of society has returned the world to levels of human mobility observed only a few decades ago, added Rutz, allowing researchers to study how even small shifts in human behavior might have a dramatic beneficial impact on species around the globe.
Tracking a hawk moth and a straw-colored fruit bat.
Photos by Christian Ziegler ?
?“沒有人要求人類保持著永久禁閉的狀態(tài)，”Rutz說：人們會繼續(xù)他們的生活，他們將會旅行，也應該去旅行。但我們預料到將有機會進行一些相對較小的改變，這些改變將對我們的交通網絡(陸上道路和海上船只路線)的布局和運營產生重大影響。如果我們通過對不同物種和不同地區(qū)的重復分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)一種特殊的交通路線布局會對動物造成傷害，我們便可以提出具體的改善建議。
“Nobody is asking for humans to stay in a state of permanent lockdown,” said Rutz. “Humans will go about their lives. They will want to travel, and they should travel. But we anticipate that there will be opportunities to make relatively minor changes that have significant impact to, for example, how we lay out and operate our transport networks — roads on land and vessel routes at sea. If we find through our replicated analyses, across different species and regions, that a particular way of arranging traffic routes is really bad for animals, we can make concrete proposals for improvements.”
? ?這項研究還可能對世界抗擊一種可能起源于蝙蝠，然后傳播給人類的致命病毒產生重大影響（也就是所謂的新冠病毒）。魯茨認為，這個項目可能有助于闡明病毒從動物傳播給人類的問題。
The research could also have dramatic implications for a world battling a deadly virus?that likely originated in bats before spreading to people. Rutz thinks the project could help shed light on the transmission of viruses from animals to humans.
?“我無疑認為，我們對野生動物的運動和活動模式了解得越多，特別是跨物種和跨棲息地的活動模式，就會對描述疾病潛在傳播的模型了解得越多?！?魯茨說: “我們的項目觸及了人類與野生動物相互作用相互交流的核心，這當然是理解疾病如何從動物傳染給人類的關鍵。
“I definitely think that the more we understand about the movements and activity patterns of wild animals, especially across species and habitats, the more informed models will be that describe the potential spread of diseases,” said Rutz. “Our project gets at the heart of what happens at that human wildlife interface, which is, of course, key to understanding how diseases may jump from animals to humans.”
盡管COVID-19在全球的影響在現(xiàn)代是前所未有的，但切爾諾貝利事件所帶來的災難及其對周圍野生動植物的影響暗示了Rutz及其團隊可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)的結果。多年來，科學家們研究禁區(qū)的野生動物種群，這里的禁區(qū)是指烏克蘭以北的核電站周圍約1600平方英里的區(qū)域。1986年4月該區(qū)域核電站的一個反應堆發(fā)生熔毀后，10萬多名居民被迫永久撤離。在2015年的一項研究中，研究人員報告稱，“經過近三十年慢性的暴露于輻射后，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個豐富的哺乳動物群落”，并指出：“在切爾諾貝利事件發(fā)生之前，哺乳動物的密度可能因狩獵，林業(yè)和農業(yè)而受到抑制?！?/p>
Although the global impact of COVID-19 is unprecedented in modern times, theChernobyl Nuclear Power Plant?disaster and its effects on the surrounding wildlife hint at the kind of results Rutz and his team might find. For years, scientists studied wild animal populations from the exclusion zone, the approximately 1,600-square-mile area around the plant in northern Ukraine that was permanently evacuated of its more than 100,000 residents after one of the plant’s reactors melted down in April 1986. In a?2015 study, researchers reported finding an “an abundant mammal community after nearly three decades of chronic radiation exposures” and suggested that prior to the accident, “mammal population densities were likely depressed due to hunting, forestry and agriculture.”
Rutz說:“在COVID-19導致的最悲慘的情況下，這是一個研究的機會。但我們感受到，身為一個研究團體，這是一個我們不能錯過的機會。我們能夠從未來的發(fā)展中吸取一些重要的教訓，不僅僅是只對野生動物的保護，同時也是為了在這個日益擁擠的星球上規(guī)劃自己的未來。
“This is a research opportunity that has come about through the most tragic circumstances due to COVID-19,” said Rutz. “But we feel, as a research community, that it is an opportunity we cannot afford to miss. We will be able to learn some important lessons going forward, not just for wildlife conservation, but also for planning our own future on this increasingly crowded planet.”
原文出處：https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/08/covid-lockdown-offers-insight-into-human-wildlife-interactions/
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