2019.5.18 Writing

1.?Prewriting?的四個步驟

a.????審題：社會現(xiàn)象和社會人群

b.????Brainstorm

c.?????Evaluation

d.????各種組織方式：ABC?折中分情況

關(guān)鍵是發(fā)展：a.?例證法

b.?讓步

如何寫主題句（四個部分）：a.連接詞?b. topic word?c.分論點focus??d.判斷詞

2.?寫主題句的注意事項

1)?????直白，避免諺語和哲思

2)?????包含topic words，換詞正確

3)?????主題句是概述總結(jié)，不是細節(jié)展開

4)?????主題句是結(jié)果，不要寫成過程

5)?????不能有觀點的重合或包含關(guān)系

6)?????注意各種組織方式的連接詞

7)?????一個主題句只能有一個focus，即一段說一件事

8)?????（只能是觀點不能是事實）

3.?P14頁改錯

a.????功能上能不能做為topic sentence

b.????語法錯誤

1.????1)?諺語不能做主題句，帶隱含意義的詞太多

??makes改為make

2) Topic word錯誤，outdoor activities??sports and social activities

??Introduce sb. sth.?

3)?舉例分析，過于細節(jié)

2.????1)?缺乏topic word，沒有時間限定，改為a better materialized life today makes

2)?主句和從句顛倒

“which make our life easier than before”這個包含主題句信息的應(yīng)該做為主句，

不能按照中文習慣從前往后順著寫。

改為：Furthermore, the rapid development of technologies, which affects the world

in an incredible way, makes our life easier than before.

3）連接詞錯誤

和題目easier and more comfortable?重合

3.????1)?不能先鋪墊

2）不要哲思

??‘risk’?改為risks

4.????1）高工資的好壞

2）低工資的好壞

3）年輕選高工資老了選低工資

這里同樣是先鋪墊兩個段落得出結(jié)論。

應(yīng)改為：1）年輕時選高工資

??2）年紀大時選低工資

3）再次總結(jié)

連接詞錯誤：改為On the one hand, on the other hand?

語法錯誤：1）risk改為risks;?搭配不對，選擇高工資的人得到高質(zhì)量的生活而不是

高工資本身；刪掉“also”，沒有not only時不能搭配but also

2）peaceful life?改為a peaceful life;?

后半句改為‘but it is hard for people to become big potatoes’

5.????1）缺少topic word，改為much food today

quality?改為qualities?

2）層級關(guān)系

??added?改為are added?

??Chemical substance?改為Chemicals?

6.????1）說出topic更好;?刪掉because之后的內(nèi)容，只保留結(jié)果

??‘Terrible condition’太general，不要使用，改為challenges/difficulties/obstacles

2）連接詞錯誤：’conversely’改為in addition

??‘Hard-working’?改為hard work

??‘rare’?不能搭配‘happiness’

4.?含有絕對詞的題型

All, must, the best, the worst, only, always, any

2015.04.28 NA

??Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

??Allschool teachers should be required to take courses every five years to?

update their knowledge.

解法：

1)??????讓步式：例內(nèi)（缺反：暗示下文）+例外+例外

2)??????一邊倒：例外+例外+例外

3)??????分情況

ü?First of all, for primary school teachers, they don’t need to update their knowledge that frequently.

ü?Besides, for middle school teachers who have already kept up with the development of their field, they don’t need to take courses to update their knowledge.

ü?Finally, for college teachers who do cutting edge research all day long, they don’t need such courses either.

練習：P17 3.

ü?Admittedly, significant improvements for the quality of people’s lives have taken place.

ü?However, some critical problems still persist in. Some lethal diseases like cancer cannot be addressed.

ü?Besides, environment pollution is another key is science and technology should keep working on.

5.?議論文的本質(zhì)

ü?一類社會現(xiàn)象發(fā)生在一類社會人群當中

ü?為什么會發(fā)生

ü?一定是因為這類社會現(xiàn)象滿足或破壞了這類人群的什么需求

ü?所以，歸根結(jié)底，議論文考察的是你是否了解人類到底有什么需求

?

6.?八心八箭

ü?從人群的經(jīng)濟行為，經(jīng)濟條件，和經(jīng)濟需求（money）

ü?從人群的時間安排去考慮（Time）

ü?從人群的性格發(fā)展需求去考慮（Mental：interest，pressure，sense of achievement）

ü?從社會現(xiàn)象對人群的健康影響去考慮（Physical---medical）

ü?從人群的能力發(fā)展需求去考慮（ability）

ü?從人群的人際關(guān)系發(fā)展需求去考慮（p-2-p relationship）

ü?從社會現(xiàn)象對人群周邊的自然環(huán)境影響去考慮（environment）

ü?從社會環(huán)境對社會人群的影響去考慮

（social condition：education，technology，government）

APES

P??T

M?M

練習：P16 2.

ü?To start with, it is fairer for the government to invest more money on young children schooling, part of the compulsory education system.

ü?Besides, the same amount of investment could have a wider coverage for children than for university education.

ü?Granted, universities also deserve more fund from the administration --- Nevertheless, donations from alumni are instead their main financial source.

?

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?

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7.?寫作結(jié)構(gòu)

ü?Introduction (1 paragraph)

-???????General information

-???????Make your thesis statement in the end

ü?Body (3 paragraph)

-???????Transition + TS 1 + supporting idea 1 + CS1

-???????Transition + TS 2 + supporting idea 2 + CS2

-???????Transition + TS 3 + supporting idea 3 + CS3

ü?Conclusion (1 paragraph)

-???????Restate your thesis in different words at the beginning

-???????Step further

開頭：

ü?最主要的是最后一句話：thesis statement，表明自己的立場和觀點

ü?吸引讀者，讓讀者對你的文章產(chǎn)生興趣

ü?好的開頭，對寫好文章非常重要

ü?40?字左右，3～4句話

開頭的組成：

ü?General information

-???????鋪墊，引出作用

-???????使得主題句的直接表達不那么突兀

ü?Thesis Statement

-???????回答task，表明自己的傾向或觀點

-???????暗示下文

簡潔保險不失分精神抖擻版：

l?介紹背景（包含社會現(xiàn)象）+?改寫題目+?作者觀點

??題目：為了經(jīng)濟的增長，政府是否應(yīng)該忽略環(huán)境的考慮

例子：選擇經(jīng)濟增長作為更大的背景

??眾多的發(fā)達國家包括德國日本意大利已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年經(jīng)濟增長1%-%3。

那么為了經(jīng)濟的增長是不是應(yīng)該舍棄環(huán)境的發(fā)展嗎？我認為不能/可以。

A much debated issue these days is whether citizens should take private health insurance or not. The cost of providing free medical care for both the wealthy and the poor is far too great for any government, and most people agree that if you can pay for insurance, you should. In this essay, I will argue that all who can afford it should buy their health insurance themselves, but free medical care must be made available for those too poor to do so.

With the sluggish economy and increasingly fierce competition, more people are concerned about college students’ employment. Thus, here arises a debate whether schools should offer students job preparation. From my perspective, schools should take such initiative, because job-related training is rewarding to students, schools, and potential employment.

l?介紹背景（包含社會現(xiàn)象）/改寫題目+?雙方（反方）對立觀點+作者觀點

Many communities have been debating whether or not police officers should carry guns. In some situations, guns protect the police officer as well as the public. However, guns often result in injuries and death. In my opinion, no police officers should ever carry a gun.

Independence! Who doesn’t want independence? But the bigger question is how much of independence is being discussed here? Generally, when teenagers grow up, their need and habit of living change. Some would like their parents to be in control of the major decisions of their lives, while on the other hand, some would not like their parents to be involved in any sort of decision-making process of their lives. In my opinion, the young adults should always consult their parents as their guides. I will try to demonstrate my point in the following paragraphs.

開頭經(jīng)典句型（背景）

ü?Recent survey has suggested that…

ü?The last decade has seen/witnessed a great change/boom in…

ü?The perennial question about… has been rekindled.

ü?Recently the topic/phenomenon that… has been brought into focus/public attention.

開頭經(jīng)典句型（改寫題目+雙方觀點）

ü?A hot-button issue these days is whether …

ü?Here arises a debate whether…

ü?When it comes to / As for the issue whether…, there are never short of discussions and arguments.

ü?Some people claim that…, while others suggest that… As far as I am concerned, …

ü?I run decidedly in favor of the latter opinion.

練習1

130414 ML = 120420 NA

Which of the following three factors contributes to an enjoyable vacation most?

1 Good food?2 Good location?3 Good friends

Going on an enjoyable vacation is always a pleasant thing, but people do have different views when talking about what makes a vacation enjoyable. Some people claim that tasty food and good locations are the most influential factors; however, I usually attribute the enjoyment of my vacations to good friends.

練習3

090530 ML

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children (aged from five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.

extracurricular activities

Nowadays, an increasing number of parents are discussing the necessity to take courses in arts. Whether arts education is mandatory for students in addition to math, science and other courses has aroused a wide discussion. From my perspective, exploring art and music are just as important for a child’s development as studying the main subjects.

復雜高級抓眼球回味無窮版

引人注意的數(shù)字

/罕見的事實

問題

鮮明的例子

/趣聞軼事

類比

名人名言下定義

結(jié)構(gòu)：大招+解釋+論點

震驚的事實（OG）

Some teenagers today say that they think that wives should earn money and that husbands should help with child care and other household tasks. Recent studies indicate that 13 percent of teenage boys would prefer a wife to stay at home while 96 percent of the teenage girls surveyed wanted to work outside of the home. However, couples who marry today may have grown up in very traditional households and therefore may find it difficult to accept wives of equal, not greater job ____ status.

鮮明的例子（OG）

My fourth-grade teacher, Miss Vela, was not a big woman. She was about five feet tall and was no longer young. Even though she did not look very strong, she never had trouble controlling all her students. She could quiet us down with just a stare. We always wanted to make her happy because we knew how much Miss Vela cared about us. She expected us to do the best we could, and we all tried our hardest. Therefore teachers play an crucial role in the society and should receive the same payment as the entertainment____.

結(jié)尾

結(jié)尾的主要作用：

ü?最主要的是第一句：Thesis statement?的改寫

ü?Short but necessary,?讀者此時已經(jīng)明白你的觀點，留出時間proofreading,?或者進一步展開Body

ü?30?字左右

ü?不要出現(xiàn)新信息

簡潔保險不失分精神抖擻版：

1.????總結(jié)全文

2.????重述論點和理由

或者Step Further

--最后的評價

--作出預測

--提出建議

To sum it up, it is very good idea to ask for parents guides, and is never a bad idea to give up a part of independence for a better future.

Among the three factors, I believe that good friends contribute much more to an enjoyable vacation than the other two. I do not care where to go or what to eat, but I do care about who is with.

From what have been discussed above, we may easily tell that the quality of students’ social activities is much more important and influential than that of meals, so schools should spend more money with more important respect.

結(jié)尾句經(jīng)典句型

From what have been discussed above/ From the analysis above

Taking all the ideas above into consideration, we may reach a conclusion that…

In conclusion/ In summary/ To sum up/ In a word

Based on the aforementioned statements and examples,

?it is significantly critical for sb. to do sth.

復雜高級抓眼球回味無窮版

為了讓結(jié)尾難忘，我們還可以用其他的一些形式：

ü?一個小的細節(jié)，小的例子或者畫面

ü?名人名言或者小段的引用

ü?逸聞趣事

ü?詼諧的評價

Example:

The most important thing to realize is that we all have many teachers in our lives. Where would we be without our parents, teachers, and our peers to guide us? What would we do without books, newspapers, and televisions to inform us? All of them are very valuable.