? ? ? ?剛?cè)脒@個(gè)行業(yè)的時(shí)候，我感覺課堂用語是教學(xué)中最簡單的事情，比起上課、備課、語法，課堂用語要簡單得多?？墒墙?jīng)過這十幾年的教學(xué)，發(fā)現(xiàn)簡單的課堂用語其實(shí)并不簡單。誠然，每個(gè)英語老師都會(huì)說上那么幾句，但是，表達(dá)的是否正確？學(xué)生是否聽得懂？能不能順利得將課堂進(jìn)行下去？都是老師在課堂上不容忽視的問題?？梢哉f，課堂用語既是每個(gè)老師的基本功，但也可能是某些老師的軟肋。尤其是在上公開課的時(shí)候，就顯得尤為重要。

? ? ? ? 今天我想跟大家分享一下我理解中的英語課堂用語。

? ? ? ? 一、課堂用語是什么？

? ? ? ? 課堂用語是組織課堂的語言。而語言是實(shí)現(xiàn)師生互動(dòng)和課堂管理的工具。英語語言是豐富多彩的，適當(dāng)?shù)膸熒鷮υ捘芨欣谡n堂的展開，更容易讓學(xué)生感受到語言的魅力，從而讓學(xué)生們愛上這門課程。

? ? ? ? 在現(xiàn)在的英語教學(xué)中，在老師們的課堂用語方面，確實(shí)也存在很多的問題。有些老師漢語偏多，缺少最基本的課堂用語；有些老師課堂教學(xué)用語用詞過大，不夠通俗，大部分學(xué)生聽不懂；有些課堂用語語病偏多，出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)詞；有些老師用語羅嗦拉雜，前后過渡生硬，缺乏整體性；有些隨意性大，時(shí)而中文，時(shí)而英文；有些是中式英語。??

? ? ? ? 既然存在這么多這樣那樣的問題，那么我們每個(gè)老師就都應(yīng)該端正態(tài)度，對自己嚴(yán)要求，在平時(shí)的課堂中重訓(xùn)練，不僅要擴(kuò)大自己課堂用語的amount,還要提高課堂用語的quality. 練就出色的課堂用語。

? ? ? ? 二、課堂用語遵循什么原則？

? ? ? ? 在我看來，課堂用語首先要符合孩子的語言特征。每個(gè)階段的孩子的語言特點(diǎn)也不一樣，所以不可以一概而論。其次可用用示范代替繁瑣的解釋。我們老師經(jīng)常會(huì)碰到這種問題，就是解釋一個(gè)問題解釋半天學(xué)生越聽越糊涂，其實(shí)這個(gè)時(shí)候完全可以才是示范一下，通過示范學(xué)生可以很清晰地知道老師的要求是什么。

? ? ? ? 當(dāng)然，除此以外，課堂用語還應(yīng)遵循以下六個(gè)原則：

? ? ? ? 1. 階段性。 由簡單到難，循序漸進(jìn)。

? ? ? ? 2. 貫穿性。連貫整個(gè)課堂。如果在課堂中，英語老師盡可能用英語來表達(dá)，而且變化多樣，學(xué)生們也會(huì)慢慢地適應(yīng)全英語教學(xué)的。并在這個(gè)潛移默化的過程中，逐漸培養(yǎng)出語感，有利于發(fā)展學(xué)生口語。最重要的是，這樣也更有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用英語思維和表達(dá)的習(xí)慣，對孩子們寫作也是有幫助的。

? ? ? ? 3. 規(guī)范性。 正確的語音語調(diào)，簡單明了，無錯(cuò)誤。比如：Do you know what is it?? ?Together read. 等等。

? ? ? ? 4. 激勵(lì)性。用來鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生。在現(xiàn)在課堂教學(xué)中，老師應(yīng)以表揚(yáng)和鼓勵(lì)為主，用以呵護(hù)學(xué)生的自尊和自信。老師在說話中，要做到語氣委婉。這樣才能創(chuàng)論輕松和諧的氣氛，減少學(xué)生的緊張情緒。同時(shí)盡量避免使用過多的貶義詞和否定詞。比如： foolish, stupid, wrong, too bad. I don't like your opinion.等等。

? ? ? ? 5. 引導(dǎo)性。引導(dǎo)孩子參與課堂活動(dòng)。

? ? ? ? 6. 交際性。嚴(yán)要求，重訓(xùn)練。可對孩子做出一些要求，比如： 凡在學(xué)校，見到英語老師，用英語打招呼；凡在課堂，盡可能用英語表達(dá)；啟發(fā)、鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生之間相互提問和對話；Speak English if possible, speak Chinese if necessary.

? ? ? ? ?三、課堂用語的分類。

? ? ? ? 課堂用語可以分為很多種。我按照自己的想法將它分為以下幾類：

? ? ? ? A.?每日課堂常規(guī)用語 Everyday classroom routine。

? ? ? ? ? ? 1）Begnning a Class（上課）

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. Let's start now. / Let's begin our class / lesson.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2. Shall we begin now?/Shall we get down to business?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. Get seated,please. It's time for class./ Class is about to begin.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4. Have you got everything ready for class?/Ready? /Are you ready for class?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. Take out your English books and put them on the desk.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6. No(stop) talking now.There goes the bell.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7. Attention,everyone!/ Order, please!

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8. Stand up. Sit down.? ?……

? ? ? ? ? ? ?2）Greeting（問候）

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. Hello, boys and girls / children.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2. Good morning, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. How are you today? /How are you getting on? How are you feeling today?/How? are you getting along with your studies?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4. You look great!/ How nice you look!

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. Did you have a nice weekend?/ Tell us what you did yesterday.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6. What day is it today?/ What's the date?/Happy Children's Day.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7. What's the weather like today? / A nice day, isn't it?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?8.? (various kinds of questions related to the topic)? ? ?……

? ? ? ? ? ? 3）Checking Attendance（考勤）

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. Who's on duty today? Is everyone here?/Who's absent today?/ Who is missing? /Anybody absent?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?2. Be quiet,please. Now I am going to call the roll.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?3. Try to be on time. / Don't be late next time./Please come earlier next time./

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Try to be here on time next time .

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4. Go back to your seat./Get to your seat .we have already begun the lesson.? ......

? ? ? ? ? ?4）Assigning Homework（作業(yè)布置）

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. Here's today's homework.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2. For today's homework, review the text carefully.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. No written work for today./Get ready for the test on Friday.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4. Recite the text./Memorize the new words./Make up a dialogue after the example./ Review what we have learnt today./ Do a survey with your neighbour.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. Preview Unit2. / Finish the exercises in the workbook./Do the exercises on Page3.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6. Copy these sentences three times./ Write a summary of the text in your own words.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7. Finish your work on your own./ Please hand in your exercise books on time.? ?......

? ? ? ? ? ?5）Closing the Lesson (下課）

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. That's all for today./ Let's stop here./ Class is over.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2. To sum up, let me repeat the important expressions.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. Let's see what we have learnt today.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4. I hope you've enjoyed the lesson. / I'm really proud of you.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. Thanks, everyone. / Bye, class. / See you next time./ Have a nice weekend!

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6.? Hand in your workbooks,please.? ......

? ? ? ? B. 調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生積極性 Involving the learners.

? ? ? ? ? ?1）Encouraging（鼓勵(lì)）

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1. Well done!/ Nice job!/Good job!/Great!/Pretty good!/ Quite right!/ A good answer!/ Excellent!/It’s almost perfect.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?2. It's very creative!/ You speak very fluently!/ Your listening is excellent!/ You've made a lot of progress./ Your performance was wonderful!

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?3. I like your point./ I feel happy for you./ Let's give a clap./ Congratulations!

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?4. A good try./ That's much better./I think your answer is very useful./What you said is meaningful./Your answer is interesting.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?5. Don't be nervous./ Take it easy. / Be confident./ Try your best./ You can make it.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6. Practice makes perfect./ No pain, no gain. / Don't worry about making mistakes./Don't be shy. / Keep working hard./ Be at ease when speking English.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?7. This question is a bit difficult, try to think about it. / Don’t worry.You still have a chance./Don’t lose heart. You can try it again. /Think it over and try it again.? ?......

? ? ? ? ? ?2）Commenting（評價(jià)）

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1. Not really./Not exactly./ Not good enough.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?2. That's almost right. / That's not quite right./ Nearly./

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?3. I don't think so. / You were careless./ Don't make the same mistake again./I'm afraid it's all wrong./Sorry, I don’t think you are right.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?4. Speak more clearly./ Please go on./ Do well next time.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?5. Don't give me half sentences./Really? Could you talk about the story more clearly?/

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?6. I can’t accept this point. /Your answer isn’t to the point.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?7. Do you agree with him? / I don't agree.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?8. Absolutely right./ Completely correct. Sound good./? ? ?......

? ? ? ?C.課堂管理 Managing the class

? ? ? ? ? ?1）宣布 (Announcing)

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1. First, let's do some revision./ What have we learnt last time? /Who can tell / remember what we did in the last lesson ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2. Now let's move on to the new lessson./Today, we are going to learn something new.?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. Let’s start working./Let’s begin/start a new lesson./Let’s begin/start our lesson.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4. Ready? Go!

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. How about another practise on this point?All right?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6. Open your book and turn to ...

? ? ? ? ? ? ?7. Now this is something new, Ready to listen.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?8. One, two, three, start!? ? ? ?......

? ? ? ? ?2) 引起注意 （Directing Attention)

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1.Ready? / Are you ready?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2. Did you get there? / Do you understand? /Is that clear?/ Do you know what to do? / Is that clear?/Got it?/ Can you follow me?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. Be quiet, please. / Quiet, please. / Listen carefully, please.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4. Listen to the tape recorder / the recording.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. Look carefully, please./Look over here./ Watch carefully. /Are your watching?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6. Please look at the blackboard / picture / map. . .

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?7. Pay attention to your spelling / pronunciation…?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?8. Try to keep up with me, please.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?9. Once more, please. / One more time, please.

? ? ? ? ? 3) 指令和紀(jì)律 （Keeping Discipline)

? ? ? ? ? ? ?1. No talking!/ Don't talk in class./Keep quiet./Be quiet!

? ? ? ? ? ? ?2. Please follow the rules.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?3. Please keep the classroom tidy.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?4. Be careful with the computers./Put your things away.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?5. Be seated when the bell rings.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?6. No laughing at a classmate.?

? ? ? ? ? ? ?7. Hurry up,please./Be quick./Slow down./

? ? ? ? ? ? ?8. Come here./Come to the front./Please go back to your seat. /Stand with your back to the class./ Face the audience.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?9. Put your hand up, please./ Raise your hand, please.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?10. Say it / Write it in Chinese / English.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?11. Clean up your desk / the classroom, please.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?12.? Don't speak out./ A bit louder,please./ Read one sentence each./ One after another, please.? ?.....

? ? ? ? 4)?做筆記和測驗(yàn) (Taking notes and Tests)

? ? ? ? ? ? 1. Write down the example sentences. / Take notes while listening. / Make a note of the sentences on the blackboard./

? ? ? ? ? ? 2. Underline the last sentence in the paragraph./Highlight the important expressions./ Colour the topic sentences. /Circle the key words./Give the sentence a star mark./Mark the important points in your book.

? ? ? ? ? ? 3. Be well-prepared./Get ready,please./ Here we go with the exercises.

? ? ? ? ? ? 4. Finish the exercise in 10 minutes./Get ready for the listening test./ We shall have a test to check your understanding. /

? ? ? ? ? ? 5. Let's check the answer./ Let's go through the exercises. /

? ? ? ? ? ? 6. Time is up./ Stop writing

? ? ? ? ? ? 7. To let me see if you’ve understood, I’ll ask some questions on this passage? ? ?......

? ? ? ?5)?提問和講解 (Asking questions and Expaining)

? ? ? ? ? ?1. Who can answer the question?/Who knows?/Who can tell us?/Who will have a try? /Whose turn is it?/Who's next?/Any volunteers?/ Who has different opinions?/Who can help him out?/Who can correct the mistakes for him?/Who'd like to to first?

? ? ? ? ? 2. Think about it./Pay attention to its usage./Give us an example, please. / Shall I give you a clue? /Can you follow me? / Am I speaking too fast?

? ? ? ? ? 3. Is she right?/ Yes or no?/ What is your answer?/ What do you think? / Which is the right answer?/

? ? ? ? ?4. Could you repeat?/What?/ Pardon?/ Really?/

? ? ? ? ?5. Have you finished?/ Have you completed the task?

? ? ? ? ?6. Say it together./ Let's do the spelling check. /Take care with capital letters.

? ? ? ? ?7. Is that clear?/ Got it?/Any questions?/ Who can say more about this?/ Anything more?/ You are welcome to raise questions./Find out the difficulties and what you don't understand.

? ? ? ? ?8. Whose turn is it? /It's your turn,? ? ?......

? ? D.??處理教學(xué)任務(wù)Dealing with teaching assignments

? ? ? 1) 聽說（Listening and Speaking)

? ? ? ? ? 1. Let's listen to the recording./ Listen carefully./ Listen with your books closed./Now, we are going to listen to the conversation.

? ? ? ? ? 2. Before listening, here are some questions for you./ Read the questions before you listen. / Listen to the instrcutions attentively.

? ? ? ? ? 3. After listening, tell me the main idea./ Listen and decide whether the statements are true or false./ Fill in the missing words as you listen./ Point to the picture./ Listen and then answer the questions.

? ? ? ? ?4. Listen and imitate sentence by sentence./ Repeat after the recording line by line./ Follow me, please.

? ? ? ? ?5. Speak louder/quicker/softer, please.

? ? ? ? ?6. First work in groups to talk about the topic of this dialogue.

? ? ? ? ?7. Please make up a similar conversation with these notes.? ?......

? ? ?2) 讀寫（Reading and Writing)

? ? ? ? ?1. Read the text quickly and think about the questions: Why / Where / When / How did the story happen?

? ? ? ? ?2. Open your book and turn to Page10. /Read the text again more slowly and try to answer the questions./Well, let's come to Activity 2, the dialogue.

? ? ? ? 3. What’s the main idea of this passage?/Guess the meaning of the word./Give me a brief summary.

? ? ? ? 4. Please read this part carefully and find the topic sentence./Read the passage silently./Go through the text quickly./ Don't worry about the new words./ Read the text aloud.

? ? ? ?5. Try to retell the key points without books.

? ? ? ?6. Before writing, let’s have a discussion. What subject do you think we should write about in the passage?

? ? ? 7. Let’s have an oral practice first. Work in groups to talk about the topic.

? ? ? 8. Before writing, you can make a draft (打草稿) first, then copy it on your exercise-books.......

? ?3) 練 （ Practice)

? ? ? ? 1. Now we shall do some pair work./Practise this part by yourself./Practise in pairs./Now watch me.I’ll do an example,then you will try to make up a similar dialogue in pairs./Try to manage the dialogue without looking at your books.

? ? ? ? 2. Which group would like to act out this dialogue? /Who can act this role? Any volunteers? / Who’d like to have a try? Hands up, please.

? ? ? ? 3. Work in groups of four. You have read the story of the great writer. Now, each of you will write a part of the story. The titles of the four parts are as follows.

? ? ? ? 4. One at a time./Let’s do it one by one./Change roles when you're finished.

? ? ? ? 5. Let’s act./Let’s act out/do the dialogue./Who'd like to be?

? ? ? ? 6. Find a partner and practise the conversation./Work with a partner./ Work in groups of four.

? ? ? ? 7. Let me show you how it is done./

? ? ? ? 8. For each score, you'll receive a flower./ Group 2 is the winner./ The two teams are even.? ?......

? ?四、 案例賞析?

? ? ? ? ? 第十二屆全國初中優(yōu)質(zhì)課大賽，合肥有一位選手叫王冠博。我將她的課堂的大部分話節(jié)選出來，供大家參與。標(biāo)紅的部分是我認(rèn)為對大家有幫助的一些課堂用語。

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