Why Do Some Young People Become Jihadis? Psychiatry Offers Answers
As the dust settles on the traumatising attack in Manchester, we are left grieving and searching for an explanation for this senseless violence.
the dust settle on…
If you say that something will happen when the dust settles, you mean that a situation will be clearer after it has calmed down. If you let the dust settle before doing something, you let a situation calm down before you try to do anything else.[INFORMAL] 待形勢(shì)明朗；待情況清楚
Once the dust had settled Beck defended his decision...
I think we need to let the dust settle and see what's going to happen after that.
senseless [sensl?s]
[ADJ-GRADED] If you describe an action as senseless, you think it is wrong because it has no purpose and produces no benefit.
//...people whose lives have been destroyed by acts of senseless violence...
If your child is thirsty for learning, then it is senseless to hold her back.
Some will have you believe that Islam is at fault since verses of the Qur’an legitimise such violence, while their opponents point out that the ideology fuelling these acts of terror is at wisted perversion of the religion.
the Qur'an
The Qur'an, sometimes spelled Koran, (Arabic:??????) is the holy book of Islam. The Qur'an is considered by Muslims to be "The Word of Allah(God)". This book is different from other religious texts in that it is believed to be written directly by God, through the prophet Muhammad. Some Muslims call it the Final Testament.
It has been written and read only in Arabic formore than 1,400 years. But, because many Muslims around the world do not understand Arabic, the meaning of the Qur'an is also given in other languages, so that readers can understand better what the Arabic words in the Qur'an mean.These books are like dictionaries to the Qur'an - they are not read as part of the religion of Islam, to replace the Arabic Qur'an. Muslims believe that these translations are not the true Qur'an; only the Arabic copy is the true Qur’an. The Quran is used with the hadith to interpret sharia law.
legitimise
1. to make something that is unfair or morally wrong seem acceptable and right:
There is a danger that these films legitimize violence.
2. to make something official or legal:
Acceptance by the UN would effectively legitimize the regime.
3. when parents legitimize a child, they get married so that the child becomes legitimate.
fuel
/?fju?l; ?fju??l/ N
a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy 燃料：
The plane was running low on fuel. 飛機(jī)燃料告急。
Coal is one of the cheapest fuels. 煤是最廉價(jià)的燃料之一。
the car’s fuel consumption (=how much fuel it uses to travel a particular distance)該車的油耗
an empty fuel tank 空油箱
add fuel to the fire/flames at 見 ADD (9)
fuel
V fuelled , fuelling BrE 【英】, fueled , fueling AmE 【美】
1 [T] to make something, especially something bad, increase or become stronger 使惡化；使更強(qiáng)烈：
His words fuelled her anger still more. 他的話火上澆油，使她更憤怒了。
fuel speculation/rumours/controversy etc
Progress was slow, fueling concerns that the stadium would not be finished on time. 進(jìn)度很慢，加深了人們對(duì)體育館能否按時(shí)完工的擔(dān)憂。
2 also 又作 fuel up [I,T] if you fuel a vehicle or if it fuels up, fuel is put into it（給車輛）加油，加燃料：
We’d better fuel up at the next town. 我們最好在下個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)加油。
The van was fuelled and waiting in the basement car park. 小貨車加好了油，在地下停車場(chǎng)等著。
perversion?
/p??v?:?n; NAmE p?r?v?:r?n?/ noun [U, C]
1.behaviour that most people think is not normal or acceptable, especially when it is connected with sex; an example of this type of behaviour 反常行為；（性）變態(tài)
sexual perversion 性變態(tài)
sadomasochistic perversions 施虐受虐的變態(tài)行為
2.the act of changing sth that is good or right into sth that is bad or wrong; the result of this 顛倒；歪曲；顛倒是非
the perversion of justice 對(duì)正義的歪曲
Her account was a perversion of the truth. 她的報(bào)告顛倒了是非。
Western foreign policy has often been cited as an important driver, but there are countless law-abiding British citizens of all faiths who disagree with recent foreign policy who do not feel compelled to wreak bloody havoc on account of it.
law-abiding
[ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] A law-abiding person always obeys the law and is considered to be good and honest because of this.
The Prime Minister said: `I am anxious that the law should protect decent law-abiding citizens and their property'...
Gun ownership by law-abiding people was not a problem.
wreak [ri:k]
wreaks, wreaking, wreaked
(wrought can also be used as the past participle.)
1.[VERB] Something or someone that wreaks havoc or destruction causes a great amount of disorder or damage.[JOURNALISM or, LITERARY]
[V n] Violent storms wreaked havoc on the French Riviera, leaving three people dead and dozens injured...
[V n] The mountains are studded with dams, any one of which could wreak destruction in the valley below.
[V-ed]//...the devastation wrought by a decade of fighting.
2.[VERB] If you wreak revenge or vengeance on someone, you do something that will harm them very much to punish them for the harm they have done to you.[JOURNALISM or, LITERARY]
[V n] He threatened to wreak vengeance on the men who toppled him a year ago.
on account of
You use on account of to introduce the reason or explanation for something.
The President declined to deliver the speech himself, on account of a sore throat...
A newly-married couple, he thought, on account of their walking so close together.
One contributing factor might be a concept drawn from the world of cultural psychiatry: acculturation–the process of balancing two competing cultural influences.
psychiatry [sa?kɑ??tri, AM s?-]
[N-UNCOUNT] Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of mental illness. 精神病學(xué)，精神病治療學(xué)；
acculturation?
//[uncountable]acculturation (of somebody) (to something)(formal)
the process of learning to live successfully in a different culture; the process of helping somebody to do this 涵化(acculturation)指不同民族接觸引起原有文化的變遷，涵化研究是研究不同民族的接觸而產(chǎn)生的文化變遷過程及其結(jié)果的。
the acculturation of immigrants to American society.
There can be a number of possible outcomes to this process: deculturation, when a migrant loses all touch with their culture of origin; assimilation, when they retain some loose association with it but fully adopt the culture of the host nation; integration, when they retain strong ties with their culture of origin but are fully functioning members of society; and rejection, when they reject the host-nation culture completely in favour of their culture of origin.
邊緣化 Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. 人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且與廣大社會(huì)失去了心理聯(lián)系。
同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another. when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture. 人們放棄原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人們就失去了原有的文化。
融合 Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture. 在文化適應(yīng)中人們成為新文化的一部分，同時(shí)又保留了自己文化的完整性。
retain [r?te?n]
retains, retaining, retained
1.[VERB] To retain something means to continue to have that thing.[FORMAL]
[V n] The interior of the shop still retains a nineteenth-century atmosphere...
[V n] He retains a deep respect for the profession...
[V n] Other countries retained their traditional and habitual ways of doing things...
[V n] If left covered in a warm place, this rice will retain its heat for a good hour.
Syn:keep
2.[VERB] If you retain a lawyer, you pay him or her a fee to make sure that he or she will represent you when your case comes before the court.[LEGAL]
[V n] He decided to retain him for the trial.
This is akin to the pathway into gang culture for young people around the world–a sense of alienation from family and society at large delivers them into the hands of older gang leaders. The counterculture for young Muslim men at odds with society nowadays is not gang culture but radical extremist factions that offer self-esteem and identity in exchange for allegiance to a violent and morally bankrupt manifesto.
akin [?k?n]
[ADJ-GRADED: v-link ADJ to n] If one thing is akin to another, it is similar to it in some way.[FORMAL]
Cooking is a physical activity, more akin to woodwork or gardening than to reading or listening to music.
at large
You use at large to indicate that you are talking in a general way about most of the people mentioned.
I think the chances of getting reforms accepted by the community at large remain extremely remote…
faction [f?k?(?)n]
factions
1.[N-COUNT]A faction is an organized group of people within a larger group, which opposes some of the ideas of the larger group and fights for its own ideas. （大團(tuán)體中的）派系，派別，小集團(tuán)
A peace agreement will be signed by the leaders of the country's warring factions.
2.[N-UNCOUNT]Faction is also used to describe argument and disagreement within a group of people.
Faction and self-interest appear to be the norm.
Amongst the population at large the support for the present regime is virtually zero.
allegiance [?li:?(?)ns]
allegiances
[N-VAR: oft N to n] Your allegiance is your support for and loyalty to a particular group, person, or belief. （對(duì)政黨、宗教、統(tǒng)治者的）忠誠(chéng)，效忠，擁戴
My allegiance to Kendall and his company ran deep.
//...a community driven by strong ties and allegiances.
morally bankrupt
having or acting as if having no morals 道德敗壞的
Collective community action has been a prominent feature in anti-gang strategies around the world, and may prove effective in opposing this new type of thuggery, starting with closer ties and cooperation between Muslim and non-Muslim communities and a concerted effort to open a dialogue with at-risk individuals.
thuggery
/?θ?g?r?; ?θ?ɡ?ri/ N[U]
violent behaviour in which people fight and attack others 暴行，罪惡行徑；
the problem of football thuggery 足球暴力的問題
concerted [k?ns?:(r)t?d]
1.[ADJ-GRADED: ADJ n] A concerted action is done by several people or groups working together.努力的；共同籌劃決定的；同心協(xié)力的
Martin Parry, author of the report, says it's time for concerted action by world leaders.
2.[ADJ-GRADED: ADJ n] If you make a concerted effort to do something, you try very hard to do it.
He made a concerted effort to win me away from my steady, sweet but boring boyfriend.
Socioeconomic factors have also been implicated in the process of radicalisation (poverty, lack of opportunity, unemployment, poor education), and although this is conceivable, the evidence is limited.
implicated [?mpl?ke?t?d]
[ADJ: v-link ADJ, usu ADJ in n] If someone or something is implicated in a crime or a bad situation, they are involved in it or responsible for it.
See also:implicate
Eventually the President was implicated in the cover-up and in 1974 was forced to resign to avoid impeachment...
It is thought that this virus is implicated in the development of a number of illnesses.
As well as drawing recruits into the fold, extremist hate-preachers and the slick Isis propaganda machine play a significant role in converting the radicalised into actual terrorists.
into the fold
When someone joins an organization or group, you can say that they have come into the fold. When they leave the organization or group, you can say that they leave the fold.
The EC brought Spain, Greece and Portugal into the fold...
He might find it difficult to return to the family fold even when he realizes his mistake.
slick /sl?k/ adj.
(slick?er, slick?est)
1.(sometimes disapproving) done or made in a way that is clever and efficient but often does not seem to be sincere or lacks important ideas 華而不實(shí)的；虛有其表的；取巧的
a slick advertising campaign 華而不實(shí)的廣告攻勢(shì)
a slick performance 表面熱鬧但內(nèi)容貧乏的演出
2.(sometimes disapproving) speaking very easily and smoothly but in a way that does not seem sincere 花言巧語(yǔ)的；能說會(huì)道的；油滑的 SYNGLIB
slick TV presenters 伶牙俐齒的電視節(jié)目主持人
a slick salesman 花言巧語(yǔ)的推銷員
Perhaps those most likely to make the transition from radical to terrorist are the exceedingly vulnerable, who are highly susceptible to jihadi rhetoric, and narcissistic psychopaths, who might revel in the notoriety of being a terrorist.
susceptible /s??sept?bl/ adj.
1. [not usually before noun] ~ (to sb/ sth) very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/ sth 易受影響（或傷害等）；敏感；過敏
He's highly susceptible to flattery. 他愛聽恭維話。
Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others.
這些植物中有一些較其他的易受霜凍危害。
Salt intake may lead to raised blood pressure in susceptible adults.
鹽的攝入可能導(dǎo)致易病的成年人血壓升高。
2.easily influenced by feelings and emotions 好動(dòng)感情的；感情豐富的；善感的 SYNIMPRESSIONABLE
She was both charming and susceptible. 她迷人而多情。
3. ~ (of sth) (formal) allowing sth; capable of sth 容許…的；可能…的；可以…的
Is this situation not susceptible of improvement by legislation?
這種狀況有無(wú)可能通過立法加以改善？
revel?in [rev(?)l]
revels, revelling, revelled
(in AM, use reveling, reveled)
1.[VERB] If you revel in a situation or experience, you enjoy it very much.
[V in n] Revelling in her freedom, she took a hotel room and stayed for several days even though she was expected home...
[V in n] Cats positively revel in heat, whether natural or man-made.
notoriety [no?t?rɑ??ti]
[N-UNCOUNT] To achieve notoriety means to become well-known for something bad.
He achieved notoriety as chief counsel to President Nixon in the Watergate break-in.
//...Christian Lacroix, who gained notoriety as one of Paris's most flamboyant dress designers in the 1980s.
Moderate Muslim scholars need to provide the theological ammunition to oppose the vile ideas peddled by extremist recruiters while security forces take action against them.
theological
[θ???l?d??k(?)l]
adjective
of or relating to the study of the nature of God and religious belief （有關(guān)）神學(xué)的
ammunition [?mj?n??(?)n]
1.[N-UNCOUNT] Ammunition is bullets and rockets that are made to be fired from guns.
He had only seven rounds of ammunition for the revolver.
2.[N-UNCOUNT] You can describe information that you can use against someone in an argument or discussion as ammunition. （辯論中可攻擊對(duì)方的）信息，事實(shí)，炮彈
The improved trade figures have given the government fresh ammunition.
peddle /?pedl/ verb [VN]
1.to try to sell goods by going from house to house or from place to place 挨戶銷售；巡回銷售
He worked as a door-to-door salesman peddling cloths and brushes.
他的工作是上門推銷抹布和刷子。
to peddle illegal drugs 販賣毒品
2.to spread an idea or story in order to get people to accept it 兜售，宣傳，傳播（思想、消息）
to peddle malicious gossip 散布惡意的流言蜚語(yǔ)
This line (= publicly stated opinion) is being peddled by all the government spokesmen.
所有的政府發(fā)言人都在宣揚(yáng)這個(gè)官方路線。
recruiter?
noun BrE //r??kru?t?(r)//; NAmE //r??kru?t?r//
a person whose job is to find new people to join a company, an organization, the armed forces, etc.
a survey of corporate recruiters
