cmake 常用目錄宏變量

CMake 提供了許多有用的目錄相關(guān)宏變量，用于在不同平臺上正確處理文件路徑。以下是完整的分類說明：

  1. 標準目錄變量
    系統(tǒng)標準目錄
    cmake

安裝目錄變量

CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX # 安裝根目錄 (/usr/local)
CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR # 可執(zhí)行文件目錄 (bin)
CMAKE_INSTALL_SBINDIR # 系統(tǒng)可執(zhí)行文件目錄 (sbin)
CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR # 庫文件目錄 (lib 或 lib64)
CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR # 頭文件目錄 (include)
CMAKE_INSTALL_DATAROOTDIR # 數(shù)據(jù)文件根目錄 (share)
CMAKE_INSTALL_DATADIR # 數(shù)據(jù)文件目錄 (share)
CMAKE_INSTALL_DOCDIR # 文檔目錄 (share/doc)
CMAKE_INSTALL_MANDIR # man 手冊目錄 (share/man)
CMAKE_INSTALL_SYSCONFDIR # 配置文件目錄 (etc)
CMAKE_INSTALL_LOCALSTATEDIR # 本地狀態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)目錄 (var)

使用示例
cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
project(MyProject)

# 設(shè)置安裝路徑
set(CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX "/opt/myapp")

# 安裝目標
install(TARGETS myapp
    RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
    LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
    ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
)

install(FILES myheader.h
    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/myproject
)

install(DIRECTORY docs/
    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_DOCDIR}
)
  1. 項目目錄變量
    項目相關(guān)目錄
    cmake

項目根目錄

CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR # 頂層 CMakeLists.txt 所在目錄
CMAKE_BINARY_DIR # 構(gòu)建根目錄 (build)
CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR # 當前處理的 CMakeLists.txt 所在目錄
CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR # 當前構(gòu)建目錄
CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR # 當前正在處理的 CMake 文件所在目錄

項目特定目錄

PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR # 項目 CMakeLists.txt 目錄
PROJECT_BINARY_DIR # 項目構(gòu)建目錄
<PROJECT-NAME>_SOURCE_DIR # 特定項目源碼目錄
<PROJECT-NAME>_BINARY_DIR # 特定項目構(gòu)建目錄

使用示例
cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
project(MyApp)

message("源碼根目錄: ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}")
message("構(gòu)建根目錄: ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}")
message("當前源碼目錄: ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}")
message("項目源碼目錄: ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}")

# 添加子目錄
add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src)

# 包含頭文件目錄
include_directories(${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include)

# 添加當前目錄的源文件
aux_source_directory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} SOURCES)
  1. 平臺特定目錄變量
    Windows 目錄變量
    cmake

Windows 特定路徑

CMAKE_WINDOWS_DIR # Windows 目錄
CMAKE_SYSTEM_DIR # 系統(tǒng)目錄
CMAKE_PROGRAMFILES_DIR # Program Files 目錄
Unix/Linux 目錄變量
cmake

Unix/Linux 標準路徑

CMAKE_ROOT # CMake 安裝根目錄
CMAKE_INSTALL_FULL_<DIR> # 完整安裝路徑

使用示例
cmake
# 平臺特定的安裝配置
if(WIN32)
    set(CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR "bin")
    set(CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR "lib")
    set(CMAKE_INSTALL_DATADIR "share")
elseif(UNIX)
    set(CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR "bin")
    set(CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR "lib")
    if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "x86_64")
        set(CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR "lib64")
    endif()
endif()
  1. 模塊和包目錄變量
    模塊搜索路徑
    cmake
    CMAKE_MODULE_PATH # CMake 模塊搜索路徑
    CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH # 包搜索路徑
    CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH # 交叉編譯時的根路徑
使用示例
cmake
# 添加自定義模塊路徑
list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH
    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake
    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/modules
)

# 添加包搜索路徑
list(APPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH
    /opt/local
    /usr/local
    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party
)

# 查找包
find_package(OpenSSL REQUIRED)
find_package(Boost COMPONENTS filesystem system)
  1. 編譯器相關(guān)目錄變量
    編譯器路徑
    cmake
    CMAKE_C_COMPILER # C 編譯器路徑
    CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER # C++ 編譯器路徑
    CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC # 是否是 GNU C 編譯器
    CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX # 是否是 GNU C++ 編譯器
使用示例
cmake
# 檢查編譯器
message("C 編譯器: ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER}")
message("C++ 編譯器: ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}")

# 編譯器特定設(shè)置
if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC)
    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wall -Wextra")
endif()

if(MSVC)
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /W4")
endif()
  1. 完整項目示例
    項目目錄結(jié)構(gòu)
text
myproject/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── cmake/
│   └── FindMyLib.cmake
├── src/
│   ├── CMakeLists.txt
│   └── main.cpp
├── include/
│   └── myproject/
│       └── header.h
├── third_party/
│   └── somelib/
└── tests/
    └── CMakeLists.txt

頂層 CMakeLists.txt

cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
project(MyProject VERSION 1.0.0 LANGUAGES C CXX)

# 設(shè)置 C++ 標準
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)

# 目錄變量輸出
message(STATUS "項目信息:")
message(STATUS "  項目名稱: ${PROJECT_NAME}")
message(STATUS "  項目版本: ${PROJECT_VERSION}")
message(STATUS "  源碼目錄: ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}")
message(STATUS "  構(gòu)建目錄: ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}")
message(STATUS "  當前目錄: ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}")

# 添加模塊搜索路徑
list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH
    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake
)

# 添加包搜索路徑
list(APPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH
    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party
)

# 安裝目錄配置
include(GNUInstallDirs)

# 自定義安裝目錄
set(MYPROJECT_INCLUDE_INSTALL_DIR 
    ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/myproject
)
set(MYPROJECT_CMAKE_INSTALL_DIR 
    ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/myproject
)

# 添加子目錄
add_subdirectory(src)
add_subdirectory(tests)

# 安裝配置
install(
    DIRECTORY include/
    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}
    FILES_MATCHING PATTERN "*.h" PATTERN "*.hpp"
)

# 導(dǎo)出包配置
install(EXPORT MyProjectTargets
    FILE MyProjectTargets.cmake
    NAMESPACE MyProject::
    DESTINATION ${MYPROJECT_CMAKE_INSTALL_DIR}
)

src/CMakeLists.txt

cmake
# 打印當前目錄信息
message(STATUS "源碼構(gòu)建目錄: ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")

# 添加源文件
set(SOURCES
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/main.cpp
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/utils.cpp
)

# 添加頭文件目錄
include_directories(
    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}  # 用于生成的頭文件
)

# 創(chuàng)建可執(zhí)行文件
add_executable(myapp ${SOURCES})

# 設(shè)置輸出目錄
set_target_properties(myapp PROPERTIES
    RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin
    ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib
    LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib
)

# 安裝目標
install(TARGETS myapp
    RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
)
  1. 高級目錄管理
    自定義目錄變量
cmake
# 定義項目特定的目錄變量
set(MYPROJECT_SRC_DIR ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
set(MYPROJECT_INCLUDE_DIR ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
set(MYPROJECT_TEST_DIR ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tests)
set(MYPROJECT_BUILD_DIR ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
set(MYPROJECT_OUTPUT_DIR ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/output)

# 創(chuàng)建自定義目錄
file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${MYPROJECT_OUTPUT_DIR}/bin)
file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${MYPROJECT_OUTPUT_DIR}/lib)
file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${MYPROJECT_OUTPUT_DIR}/include)

# 設(shè)置輸出目錄
set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${MYPROJECT_OUTPUT_DIR}/lib)
set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${MYPROJECT_OUTPUT_DIR}/lib)
set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${MYPROJECT_OUTPUT_DIR}/bin)
路徑操作函數(shù)
cmake
# 獲取相對路徑
get_filename_component(RELATIVE_PATH 
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} 
    RELATIVE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}
)

# 獲取絕對路徑
get_filename_component(ABSOLUTE_PATH
    "include/myheader.h"
    ABSOLUTE
    BASE_DIR ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}
)

# 路徑拼接
set(FULL_INCLUDE_PATH 
    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include
)

# 檢查路徑是否存在
if(EXISTS ${FULL_INCLUDE_PATH})
    message(STATUS "包含目錄存在: ${FULL_INCLUDE_PATH}")
else()
    message(WARNING "包含目錄不存在: ${FULL_INCLUDE_PATH}")
endif()
  1. 交叉編譯目錄設(shè)置
    交叉編譯配置
cmake
# 設(shè)置交叉編譯工具鏈
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Linux)
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR arm)

# 工具鏈路徑
set(TOOLCHAIN_DIR /opt/arm-toolchain)
set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER ${TOOLCHAIN_DIR}/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc)
set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER ${TOOLCHAIN_DIR}/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf-g++)

# 系統(tǒng)根目錄
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH ${TOOLCHAIN_DIR}/arm-linux-gnueabihf)

# 只在目標系統(tǒng)中查找?guī)?set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE ONLY)
  1. 實用調(diào)試技巧
    調(diào)試目錄變量
cmake
# 打印所有目錄變量
function(print_directory_variables)
    message(STATUS "=== 目錄變量 ===")
    message(STATUS "CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR: ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}")
    message(STATUS "CMAKE_BINARY_DIR: ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}")
    message(STATUS "PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR: ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}")
    message(STATUS "PROJECT_BINARY_DIR: ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}")
    message(STATUS "CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX: ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}")
    message(STATUS "CMAKE_MODULE_PATH: ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH}")
    message(STATUS "CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH: ${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
endfunction()

# 在需要的地方調(diào)用
print_directory_variables()
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