概括

• 英語中的十六種時(shí)態(tài)由 4 種時(shí)間和 4 種狀態(tài)組成

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

• 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)表示為:
• 動(dòng)詞原形包括: am/is/are/do(動(dòng)詞原形)/does(第三人稱單數(shù))
• 通常用于下面幾種情況

表示習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作

• I wake up at 7 a.m. every day
• She goes to the gym twice a week

表示事實(shí)或真理

• The sun rises in the east
• Water boils at 100°C
• I am a student

表示感官動(dòng)詞或心里狀態(tài)

• She feels tired
• I love you
• He like coffee

表示固定的安排或計(jì)劃

• My flight leaves at 9 a.m. tomorrow
• The concert starts at 7 o'clock

表示肯定

• 結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形（第三人稱單數(shù)加 -s 或 -es）
• She is a gril

表示否定

• 結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + do/does + not + 動(dòng)詞原形
• She doesn't like coffee
• I don't understand

表示疑問

• 結(jié)構(gòu): Do/Does + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形？
• Do you like Coffee

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

• 用于表示當(dāng)前正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)
• 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有以下幾種表示

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)為: 主語 + am/is/are + 動(dòng)詞-ing
• We are playing football
• She is reading a book

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語 + am/is/are + not + 動(dòng)詞-ing
• They aren't playing basketball
• I am not working today

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)為：Am/Is/Are + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞-ing？
• Are they playing basketball ?
• Is he watching TV?

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

• 用于表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，但與現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系或影響
• 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有以下幾種表示:

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + has/have + 過去分詞（Past Participle）
• I have finished my homework
• We have lived here for five years
• She has visited Paris

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + has/have + not + 過去分詞
• I haven't eaten breakfast yet.
• She hasn't finished his work
• They haven't met him before.
• We haven't decided where to go

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): Has/Have + 主語 + 過去分詞？
• Have you seen that movie ?
• Has he finished the report ?
• Have they visited the museum?

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

• 表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且可能仍在繼續(xù)。它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性和過程，而不僅僅是動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。
• 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有以下幾種表示：

肯定句

• 主語 + have/has + been + 動(dòng)詞-ing
• I have been reading for two hours. // 我已經(jīng)讀了兩個(gè)小時(shí)的書。

否定句

• 主語 + have/has + not + been + 動(dòng)詞-ing
• She has not been working recently. // 她最近沒有在工作。

疑問句

• Have/Has + 主語 + been + 動(dòng)詞-ing?
• Have you been studying? // 你一直在學(xué)習(xí)嗎？

常用時(shí)間副詞

• 與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)兩用的副詞有for 和 since
• for表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間：He has been working here for five years (他在這里工作了五年了)
• since 表示起始點(diǎn)： We have been living here since 2010. (我們從2010年開始住在這里)

一般過去時(shí)

• 表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，通常與特定的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)間段相關(guān)。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，不在繼續(xù)。

表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的工作或事件

• I saw him yesterday 我昨天看見她了
• She graduated in 2010 她在2010年畢業(yè)

表示過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或重復(fù)的行為

• When I was a child, I played outside every day. 我小時(shí)候每天都在外面玩

表示過去的狀態(tài)

• He lived in New York for 5 years. 他曾在紐約住了5年
• The weather was cold last week. 上周天氣很冷

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)： 主語 + 動(dòng)詞的過去式
• I visited London last year. 我去年訪問了倫敦
• he was a teacher before. 他之前是個(gè)教師
• She worked hard yesterday. 她昨天努力工作

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)： 主語 + did not (didn't) + 動(dòng)詞原形
• They didn't go to the party. 他們沒去參加聚會(huì)
• he didn't go to school. 他昨天沒去上學(xué)

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)： Did + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形?
• Did you go to the party last night? 你昨晚去聚會(huì)了嗎？
• Did they arrive on time? 他們準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)了嗎？

常用時(shí)間副詞

• yesterday
• last： week， year， month
• ago： two days ago, three months ago
• in+年份： in 2020
• when： when i was a child

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

• 表示過去某一特定時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + was/were + 動(dòng)詞-ing
• I was reading a book. 我當(dāng)時(shí)正在看書
• They were playing football. 他們當(dāng)時(shí)正在踢足球

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + was/were + not + 動(dòng)詞-ing
• I was not sleeping when you called 你打電話時(shí)，我沒有在睡覺
• She wasn’t studying at 8 o'clock 她八點(diǎn)鐘沒有在學(xué)習(xí)

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): Was/Were + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞-ing？
• Was he working yesterday 他昨天在工作嗎
• Were you listening to music 你在聽音樂嗎

過去完成時(shí)

• 用于表示在過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)或事件之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“在過去的某一時(shí)刻之前完成”的含義

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + had + 過去分詞
• I had finished my homework before I went out 在我出去之前，我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)
• They had left by the time we arrived 我們到達(dá)時(shí)，他們已經(jīng)離開了

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + had + not + 過去分詞
• I had not seen that movie before 我之前沒有看過那部電影
• She hadn’t met him before the party 她在派對(duì)之前沒有見過他

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): Had + 主語 + 過去分詞
• Had you finished your homework when I called 我打電話時(shí)，你完成作業(yè)了嗎
• Had they arrived before the meeting started 會(huì)議開始前他們到達(dá)了嗎

過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

• 用于表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或事件之前，一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，尤其是在過去某一時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + had + been + 動(dòng)詞-ing
• I had been working for two hours when she called 她打電話時(shí)，我已經(jīng)工作了兩個(gè)小時(shí)
• They had been waiting for a long time when the bus finally arrived 公共汽車終于到達(dá)時(shí)，他們已經(jīng)等了很久

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + had + not + been + 動(dòng)詞-ing
• I hadn’t been studying when you called me 你打電話給我時(shí)，我沒有在學(xué)習(xí)
• She had not been feeling well before she went to the doctor 她去看醫(yī)生之前，一直感覺不太舒服

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu): Had + 主語 + been + 動(dòng)詞-ing？
• Had you been waiting long when I arrived 我到達(dá)時(shí)，你等了很久嗎
• Had he been working all day 他一整天都在工作嗎

一般將來時(shí)

• 用于表示未來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：will + 動(dòng)詞原形 / be + going to + 動(dòng)詞原形. 這兩種方式的區(qū)別在于will 更側(cè)重于預(yù)期或自發(fā)的決定， 而 be going to 更強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)有計(jì)劃或決心做某事。
• I will go to the store tomorrow. 我明天會(huì)去商店
• She will help us with the project. 她會(huì)幫我們做這個(gè)項(xiàng)目
• I am going to see a movie tonight. 我今晚打算看電影

否定句

• will not（won’t）+ 動(dòng)詞原形 / be + not + going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。
• I won't go to the party tomorrow. 我明天不會(huì)去派對(duì)
• I am not going to eat that 我不打算吃那個(gè)

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)： Will + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形 / be + 主語 + going to + 動(dòng)詞原形
• Will you go to the party tomorrow? 你明天會(huì)去派對(duì)嗎？
• Will they arrive on time? 他們會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)嗎
• Are you going to visit your family this weekend? 你這個(gè)周末打算去看家人嗎？

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

• 用于表示在未來某個(gè)特定時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或者表示將來計(jì)劃中預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)正在發(fā)生的事情

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：will be + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式
• I will be studying at 8 PM tonight.（我今晚8點(diǎn)將會(huì)在學(xué)習(xí)。）
• She will be working tomorrow afternoon.（她明天下午將會(huì)在工作。）

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：will not be + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式 或 won't be + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式
• I won't be attending the meeting tomorrow.（我明天不會(huì)參加會(huì)議。）

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：Will + 主語 + be + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式?
• Will you be working at 9 AM tomorrow?
• Will they be traveling next month?（下個(gè)月他們會(huì)在旅行嗎？）

將來完成時(shí)

• 用于表示在未來某個(gè)特定時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前，某個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或某個(gè)狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生。它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“到某個(gè)未來時(shí)間為止，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成”這一概念。

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：will have + 過去分詞
• She will have left by the time we arrive. 我們到達(dá)時(shí)，她將已經(jīng)離開了。）
• They will have completed the project by next month.（到下個(gè)月，他們將已經(jīng)完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。）

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：will not have + 過去分詞 或 won't have + 過去分詞
• I won't have finished my work by 6 PM.（到下午6點(diǎn)，我將沒有完成我的工作。）
• They won't have completed the task before the deadline.（他們?cè)诮刂谷掌谇安粫?huì)完成這個(gè)任務(wù)。）

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：Will + 主語 + have + 過去分詞?
• Will you have finished your homework by tomorrow?（到明天你會(huì)完成作業(yè)嗎？）
• Will they have left by the time we arrive?（我們到達(dá)時(shí)，他們會(huì)已經(jīng)離開嗎？）

將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

• 是表示在未來某一特定時(shí)刻之前，某個(gè)動(dòng)作將已經(jīng)開始并且可能會(huì)一直持續(xù)到那個(gè)時(shí)刻，或者強(qiáng)調(diào)到某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止，某個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間。

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：will have been + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式
• By next month, I will have been working here for five years.（到下個(gè)月，我將在這里工作五年了。）
• By the time you return, I will have been living here for two years.

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：will not have been + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式 或 won't have been + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式
• I won't have been working here for long.（我不會(huì)在這里工作太久。）
• They won't have been studying for the exam by the time the class starts.（等到上課開始時(shí)，他們不會(huì)為考試學(xué)習(xí)。）

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：Will + 主語 + have been + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式?
• Will you have been working at 5 PM tomorrow?（明天下午5點(diǎn)你會(huì)在工作嗎？）
• Will they have been waiting long when we arrive?（我們到達(dá)時(shí)，他們會(huì)等很久嗎？）

一般過去將來時(shí)

• 用于表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻的計(jì)劃、意圖、預(yù)期或推測(cè)，通常是指當(dāng)時(shí)說話者在過去對(duì)未來的看法或預(yù)測(cè)。它通常出現(xiàn)在間接引語中，表示某人在過去時(shí)刻對(duì)于將來某個(gè)事件的預(yù)測(cè)或意圖。

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：would + 動(dòng)詞原形
• He said he would go to the meeting.（他說他會(huì)去開會(huì)。）
• She promised she would help me with my project.（她答應(yīng)她會(huì)幫我做項(xiàng)目。）
• They told me they would arrive by noon.（他們告訴我他們會(huì)在中午之前到達(dá)。）

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：would not (wouldn't) + 動(dòng)詞原形
• He said he wouldn't go to the party.（他說他不會(huì)去派對(duì)。）
• I thought they wouldn't come on time.（我以為他們不會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到。）

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：Would + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形?
• Would you help me with this task?（你會(huì)幫我做這個(gè)任務(wù)嗎？）
• Would they arrive on time?（他們會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)嗎？）

過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

• 用于表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻對(duì)將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的預(yù)測(cè)、意圖或計(jì)劃。這種時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的某個(gè)時(shí)刻某個(gè)動(dòng)作在未來會(huì)處于進(jìn)行狀態(tài)。它常見于間接引語中，表示過去某人對(duì)將來某一時(shí)刻的持續(xù)性動(dòng)作的預(yù)測(cè)。

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：would + be + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式
• He said he would be working at 10 AM tomorrow.（他說明天上午10點(diǎn)他會(huì)在工作。）
• She promised she would be studying at 8 PM.（她答應(yīng)她晚上8點(diǎn)會(huì)在學(xué)習(xí)。）

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：would not (wouldn't) + be + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式
• He said he wouldn't be attending the meeting.（他說他不會(huì)參加會(huì)議。）
• I thought they wouldn't be working at 9 AM.（我以為他們9點(diǎn)不會(huì)在工作。）

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：Would + 主語 + be + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式?
• Would you be working at 10 AM tomorrow?（明天上午10點(diǎn)你會(huì)在工作嗎？）
• Would they be studying at that time?（到時(shí)候他們會(huì)在學(xué)習(xí)嗎？）

過去將來完成時(shí)

• 用于表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻對(duì)將來某一特定時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前某個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成的預(yù)測(cè)、計(jì)劃或假設(shè)。它強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某人對(duì)未來的某個(gè)動(dòng)作或事件的完成狀況的推測(cè)或意圖。

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：would + have + 過去分詞
• He said he would have finished the project by next week.（他說他到下周就會(huì)完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。）
• I thought they would have left by the time we arrived.（我以為我們到達(dá)時(shí)，他們會(huì)已經(jīng)離開。）

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：would not (wouldn't) + have + 過去分詞
• I thought they wouldn't have finished by the deadline.（我以為他們不會(huì)在最后期限前完成。）
• He said he wouldn't have read the book by then.（他說到那時(shí)他還沒有讀完那本書。）

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：Would + 主語 + have + 過去分詞?
• Would you have finished the task by tomorrow?（你明天之前會(huì)完成任務(wù)嗎？）
• Would they have left by the time we arrive?（我們到達(dá)時(shí)，他們會(huì)已經(jīng)離開嗎？）

過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

• 用于表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻，某人對(duì)將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作的預(yù)測(cè)、假設(shè)或意圖。也就是說，它是從過去的視角看待未來的某個(gè)動(dòng)作，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作會(huì)在未來的某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前完成。

肯定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：would have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞 (動(dòng)詞-ing形式)
• By the time we arrived, she would have been working for three hours. 到我們到達(dá)的時(shí)候，她已經(jīng)工作了三小時(shí)
• She would have been studying for three hours by the time the class started. 到上課時(shí)，她已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)三個(gè)小時(shí)了

否定句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：would not (wouldn't) have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞 (動(dòng)詞-ing形式)
• They wouldn't have been waiting for so long if they knew we were coming. 如果他們知道我們要來了，他們就不會(huì)等這么久

疑問句

• 結(jié)構(gòu)：Would + 主語 + have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞 (動(dòng)詞-ing形式)
• Would he have been practicing the piano for two hours by the time we got there ？ 到我們到達(dá)時(shí)，他會(huì)不會(huì)已經(jīng)練習(xí)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)的鋼琴