- dmesg
- file
- who w whoami
- hostname uname
- du df free
dmesg
顯示機器引導時內核顯示的狀態(tài)信息
dmesg
[ 0.000000] Linux version 4.8.0-22-generic (buildd@lgw01-11) (gcc version 6.2.0 20161005 (Ubuntu 6.2.0-5ubuntu12) ) #24-Ubuntu SMP Sat Oct 8 09:15:00 UTC 2016 (Ubuntu 4.8.0-22.24-generic 4.8.0)
[ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.8.0-22-generic root=UUID=16516575-9911-4422-aa8c-cd183264a6f4 ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7
[ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
[ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel
[ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD
[ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls
[ 0.000000] Disabled fast string operations
[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers'
[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers'
[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers'
[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256
[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format.
[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Using 'eager' FPU context switches.
[ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000dc000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000003ffebfff] usable
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000003ffec000-0x000000003ffedfff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000003ffee000-0x000000003fffafff] ACPI data
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000003fffb000-0x000000003fffffff] ACPI NVS
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fd000000-0x00000000fd7fffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fec00fff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed00000-0x00000000fed00fff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000fee00fff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffc00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active
[ 0.000000] SMBIOS 2.7 present.
[ 0.000000] DMI: Parallels Software International Inc. Parallels Virtual Platform/Parallels Virtual Platform, BIOS 12.1.3 (41532) 01/18/2017
[ 0.000000] Hypervisor detected: KVM
…… 后面還有很多
注:DMI Desktop Management Interface 桌面管理界面
file
顯示文件類型
shuai@ubuntu:~$ file a.txt
a.txt: ASCII text
shuai@ubuntu:~$ file manage.py
manage.py: Python script, ASCII text executable
shuai@ubuntu:~$ file Desktop/
Desktop/: directory
who
查看其它登錄的用戶
- -b: 系統(tǒng)最后啟動時間
- -a: 顯示所有信息
- -H: 顯示項目標頭
- -r: 查看系統(tǒng)運行等級
- -w: 在登錄帳號后面顯示一個字符來表示用戶的信息狀態(tài):
- +:允許寫信息;
- -:不允許寫信息;
- ?:不能找到終端設備。
- -q: 統(tǒng)計當前有多少用戶登錄系統(tǒng)
shuai@ubuntu:~$ who
shuai tty7 2017-04-19 18:22 (:0)
shuai@ubuntu:~$ who -b // 系統(tǒng)最后啟動時間
system boot 2017-04-19 18:22
shuai@ubuntu:~$ who -a // 顯示所有信息
system boot 2017-04-19 18:22
run-level 5 2017-04-19 18:22
LOGIN tty1 2017-04-19 18:22 1172 id=tty1
shuai + tty7 2017-04-19 18:22 old 2169 (:0)
shuai@ubuntu:~$ who -H -a // 顯示項目標頭
NAME LINE TIME IDLE PID COMMENT EXIT
system boot 2017-04-19 18:22
run-level 5 2017-04-19 18:22
LOGIN tty1 2017-04-19 18:22 1172 id=tty1
shuai + tty7 2017-04-19 18:22 old 2169 (:0)
shuai@ubuntu:~$ who -r // 系統(tǒng)運行等級(5:圖形GUI模式)
run-level 5 2017-04-19 18:22
shuai@ubuntu:~$ who -w // 登錄帳號后面顯示一個字符來表示用戶的信息狀態(tài)(+: 允許寫)
shuai + tty7 2017-04-19 18:22 (:0)
shuai@ubuntu:~$ who -q
shuai
# users=1
who輸出通用格式 name [state] line time [idle] [pid] [comment] [exit]
- name用戶的登陸名
- state寫到終端的能力
- line在/dev中找到的行名
- time自從用戶登陸所用的時間
- idle自從用戶最后一次活動所經歷的時間
- pid用戶的進程ID
- comment注釋行
- exit已死進程的退出狀態(tài)
|運行級別|級別說明|
|:-:||-|
|0|系統(tǒng)停機狀態(tài),系統(tǒng)默認運行級別不能設為0,否則不能正常啟動
|1|單用戶工作狀態(tài),root權限,用于系統(tǒng)維護,禁止遠程登陸
|2|多用戶狀態(tài)(沒有NFS)
|3|完全的多用戶狀態(tài)(有NFS),登陸后進入控制臺命令行模式(系統(tǒng)默認運行級)
|4|系統(tǒng)未使用,保留
|5|X11控制臺,登陸后進入圖形GUI模式
|6|系統(tǒng)正常關閉并重啟,默認運行級別不能設為6,否則不能正常啟動
whoami
查看登錄用戶自己的信息
ShuaideMacBook-Pro:~ shuai$ su
Password:
sh-3.2# whoami
root
sh-3.2# exit
exit
ShuaideMacBook-Pro:~ shuai$ whoami
shuai
hostname
查看主機名 (根據/etc/hosts文件顯示)
shuai@ubuntu:~$ hostname
ubuntu
shuai@ubuntu:~$ hostname -i // 顯示本機IP地址
127.0.1.1
/etc/hosts文件
shuai@ubuntu:/etc$ file hosts
hosts: ASCII text
shuai@ubuntu:/etc$ cat hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 ubuntu
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
uname
顯示系統(tǒng)信息
shuai@ubuntu:~$ uname
Linux
shuai@ubuntu:~$ uname -s // 內核名
Linux
shuai@ubuntu:~$ uname -r // 內核版本
4.8.0-22-generic
shuai@ubuntu:~$ uname -I // 硬件平臺
x86_64
shuai@ubuntu:~$ uname -p // 處理器類型
x86_64
shuai@ubuntu:~$ uname -o // 操作系統(tǒng)類型
GNU/Linux
shuai@ubuntu:~$ uname -a
Linux ubuntu 4.8.0-49-generic #52-Ubuntu SMP Thu Apr 20 09:38:39 UTC 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
du
統(tǒng)計文件大小
- -c: 統(tǒng)計大小用K表示
- -b: 用Byte表示
- -s: 統(tǒng)計整個目錄所占空間
- --max-depth=N: 顯示幾級目錄
shuai@ubuntu:~$ cat a.txt
where
who
when who is here?
1234
shuai@ubuntu:~$ du a.txt -c // K
4 a.txt
4 total
shuai@ubuntu:~$ du a.txt -b // Bytes
33 a.txt
df
報告文件系統(tǒng)磁盤空間的使用情況
shuai@ubuntu:~$ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev 483896 0 483896 0% /dev
tmpfs 101120 13024 88096 13% /run
/dev/sda1 64760428 4993904 56447180 9% /
tmpfs 505588 224 505364 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 505588 0 505588 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
Home 243831168 180531408 63299760 75% /media/psf/Home
iCloud 243831168 180531408 63299760 75% /media/psf/iCloud
Photo Library 243831168 180531408 63299760 75% /media/psf/Photo Library
tmpfs 101116 128 100988 1% /run/user/1000
ShuaideMacBook-Pro:~ shuai$ df
Filesystem 512-blocks Used Available Capacity iused ifree %iused Mounted on
/dev/disk1 487662336 360552008 126598328 75% 2146204 4292821075 0% /
devfs 370 370 0 100% 640 0 100% /dev
map -hosts 0 0 0 100% 0 0 100% /net
map auto_home 0 0 0 100% 0 0 100% /home
free
查看當前內存和交換空間的使用情況
shuai@ubuntu:~$ free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1011180 607588 99500 9824 304092 243476
Swap: 1046524 305244 741280