Django+View.js學(xué)習筆記

本文git地址：https://github.com/wangweiqq2010/django_demo.git

python框架

MVC和MTV

model(模型)、view(視圖)和controller(控制器)
模型(Model)、模板(Template)和視圖(Views）

Django模塊安裝

pip install django

Django項目創(chuàng)建

django-admin startproject django_demo
python manage.py startapp infomanage

Vue項目創(chuàng)建(Django項目目錄下)

vue-init webpack frontend

使用Webpack打包Vue項目：

cd frontend
npm install
npm run build
至此，Vue項目創(chuàng)建完畢

Django配置文件(version:1a)

  • 添加創(chuàng)建的app
# APPS的配置
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'infomanage',  #此處為新創(chuàng)建的app
]
  • Django項目的模板搜索路徑配置
TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': ['frontend/dist'],  #此處為vue.js項目dist地址
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]
]
  • 靜態(tài)文件地址配置
STATIC_URL = '/static/'  # 默認已添加，使用靜態(tài)文件時的前綴
# Add for vuejs
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "frontend/dist/static"),
]
  • 數(shù)據(jù)庫配置
# MySQL的配置
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
    'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
    'NAME':'dbname',   #注意這里的數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)該以utf-8編碼
    'USER': 'xxx',
    'PASSWORD': 'xxx',
    'HOST': '',
    'PORT': '',
    }
}
# 對于python3的使用者們還需要再加一步操作
# 由于Django內(nèi)部連接MySQL時使用的是MySQLdb模塊，而python3中還無此模塊，所以需要使用pymysql來代替
# 如下設(shè)置放置的與project同名的配置的 __init__.py文件中
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()

Django路由系統(tǒng)(version:1b)

urlpatterns = [
    url(正則表達式,view函數(shù),參數(shù),別名),
]

匹配順序：從上到下

urlpatterns = [
    # url匹配測試
    url(r'^matchtest/2018/$', views.special_case_2018, name="special_case_2018"),
    url(r'^matchtest/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive, name="year_archive"),
    url(r'^matchtest/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive, name="month_archive"),
]

def special_case_2018(request):
    context = {'msg':'2018 : special_case_2018'}
    return render(request, "infomanage/matchtest.html",context)

def year_archive(request, year):
    context = {'msg': year + ' : year_archive'}
    return render(request, "infomanage/matchtest.html", context)

def month_archive(request, year,month):
    context = {'msg': year + '.'+ month + ' : month_archive'}
    return render(request, "infomanage/matchtest.html", context)
  • 正則表達式分組(?P<name>pattern)
urlpatterns = [
    # 命名組測試
    url(r'^group/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', views.group_year_archive, name="group_year_archive"),
    url(r'^group/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/$', views.group_month_archive, name="group_month_archive"),
]

def group_year_archive(request, year):
    return render(request, "infomanage/group_year.html", locals())

def group_month_archive(request, year, month):
    return render(request, "infomanage/group_month.html", locals())
  • 二級路由 include
extra_patterns = [
    url(r'^(?P<year>\d{4})/$', views.group_year_archive, name="group_year_archive"),
    url(r'^(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/$', views.group_month_archive, name="group_month_archive"),
]
urlpatterns = [
    # 二級路由測試
    url(r'^group/', include(extra_patterns)),
]
#減少代碼冗余
#原始版本
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>[\w-]+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/history/$', views.history),
    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>[\w-]+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/edit/$', views.edit),
    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>[\w-]+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/discuss/$', views.discuss),
    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>[\w-]+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/permissions/$', views.permissions),
]
#優(yōu)化版本
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>[\w-]+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/', include([
        url(r'^history/$', views.history),
        url(r'^edit/$', views.edit),
        url(r'^discuss/$', views.discuss),
        url(r'^permissions/$', views.permissions),
    ])),
]
  • 額外參數(shù)
urlpatterns = [
    # 額外參數(shù)測試
    url(r'^extra_parameter/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', views.extra_parameter, {"month": "06"}, name="extra_parameter"),
]

def extra_parameter(request, year, month):
    return render(request, "infomanage/group_month.html", locals())
  • 別名
urlpatterns = [
    # 別名測試
    url(r'^add_test/$', views.add_test, name="add_test"),
    url(r'^add/(?P<first>\d+)/(?P<second>\d+)/$', views.add, name='add'),
    # url(r'^new_add/(?P<first>\d+)/(?P<second>\d+)/$', views.add, name='new_add'),
    url(r'^my_new_add/(?P<first>\d+)/(?P<second>\d+)/$', views.add, name='new_add'),
    # 原有url仍可用
    url(r'^new_add/(\d+)/(\d+)/$', views.old_add_redirect),
]
# 在views.py,models.py中的使用
from django.urls import reverse
def add(request, first, second):
    add_result = int(first) + int(second)
    msg = str(first) + "+" + str(second) + "=" + str(add_result)
    return HttpResponse("<h1>" + msg + "</h>")

def old_add_redirect(request, a, b):
    return HttpResponseRedirect(
        reverse('new_add', args=(a, b))
    )

# 在templates中使用
# 不帶參數(shù)的：
{% url 'name' %}
# 帶參數(shù)的：參數(shù)可以是變量名
{% url 'name' 參數(shù) %}
# 例子
<a href="/infomanage/add/4/5">計算4+5(舊)</a>
<a href="{% url 'new_add' 4 5 %}">計算4+5(新)</a>

-指定View默認參數(shù)

# 指定view的默認配置
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'group/$', views.group_year_archive, name="group_year_archive_null"),
    url(r'^group/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', views.group_year_archive, name="group_year_archive"),
]

def group_year_archive(request, year='2018'):
    return render(request, "infomanage/group_year.html", locals())

視圖函數(shù) View

  • HttpRequest對象
    當請求一個頁面時，Django 創(chuàng)建一個 HttpRequest對象包含原數(shù)據(jù)的請求。然后 Django 加載適當?shù)囊晥D，通過 HttpRequest作為視圖函數(shù)的第一個參數(shù)。
    path,method,GET,POST,COOKIES,FILES,user,session,META
  • HttpResponse對象
    render(推薦),render_to_response, redirect
from django.shortcuts import render
import datetime
def my_view(request):
    time = datetime.datetime.now()
    #locals() 函數(shù)會以字典類型返回當前位置的全部局部變量
    return render(request, 'myapp/index.html', locals())

模版 Templates

模型 Model(version:1c)

django遵循 Code Frist的原則，即：根據(jù)代碼中定義的類來自動生成數(shù)據(jù)庫表。

class Human(models.Model):
    id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    GENDER_CHOICE = ((u'M', u'Male'), (u'F', u'Female'),)
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=GENDER_CHOICE, null=True)

    class Meta:
        abstract = True

class Teacher(Human):
    course = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = models.IntegerField(max_length=3)
    join_date = models.DateField()
    email = models.EmailField()
    introduction = models.TextField()

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'teacher'
        get_latest_by = 'join_date'

class Student(Human):
    grade = models.IntegerField(max_length=1)
    s_class = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    math = models.IntegerField(max_length=3)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'student'

class Math(models.Model):
    student = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    score = models.IntegerField(max_length=3)
    teacher = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    date = models.DateField()

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'math'
        ordering = ['-score']
  • 建立Table
# 生成遷移，將遷移記錄在migrations下生成：
python manage.py makemigrations [appname]
# 執(zhí)行遷移，新建、更新數(shù)據(jù)庫table：
python manage.py migrate [appname]

Django 模型類的Meta是一個內(nèi)部類，它用于定義一些Django模型類的行為特性。詳情：python django模型內(nèi)部類meta詳細解釋

  • 增刪改查
def search_test(request):
    # 查詢所有
    student = models.Student.objects.all()
    for s in student:
        print s.name + "  " + str(s.math)
    print "-"*20
    # 獲取單條數(shù)據(jù)，不存在則報錯（不建議）
    models.Student.objects.get(id=1)

    # 獲取指定條件的數(shù)據(jù)
    models.Student.objects.filter(name='xiaoming')
    # 將指定條件的數(shù)據(jù)更新
    models.Student.objects.filter(name='xiaoming').update(gender='M')

    models.Student.objects.filter(id__lt=3, id__gt=2)  # 獲取id大于2 且 小于3的值

    models.Student.objects.filter(id__in=[1, 2, 3])  # 獲取id等于1、2、3的數(shù)據(jù)

    models.Student.objects.filter(name__contains="xiao")

    models.Student.objects.filter(name__icontains="xiao")  # icontains大小寫不敏感

    models.Student.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id')    # asc
    models.Student.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id')   # desc

    # regex正則匹配，iregex 不區(qū)分大小寫

    models.Student.objects.get(name__regex=r'^(An?|The) +')
    models.Student.objects.get(name__iregex=r'^(an?|the) +')

    # date
    #
    models.Teacher.objects.filter(join_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1))
    models.Teacher.objects.filter(join_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1))

    # year
    #
    models.Teacher.objects.filter(join_date__year=2005)
    models.Teacher.objects.filter(join_date__year__gte=2005)

    return redirect(reverse(viewname="model_test"))

Django Admin

創(chuàng)建管理員

python manage.py createsuperuser

修改app下admin.py文件

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import *

admin.site.register(Student)

顯示界面增加名稱：

class Student(Human):
    grade = models.IntegerField()
    s_class = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    math = models.IntegerField(default=90)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'student'

    def __unicode__(self):  # 在Python3中用 __str__ 代替 __unicode__
        return self.name

后續(xù)：數(shù)據(jù)庫怎么和model關(guān)聯(lián)，django處理性能

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