1. Empirical：based on experience or experiments rather than ideas or theories
Eg. There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis .
--> Empiricalism VS Rationalism
Empiricism,in philosophy, the view that all concepts originate in experience, that all concepts are about or applicable to things that can be experienced, or that all rationally acceptable beliefs or propositions are justifiable or knowable only through experience. This broad difinition?accords with the derivation of the termempiricismfrom the ancient Greek wordempeiria,“experience.”
Rationalism vs. Empiricism
First published Thu Aug 19, 2004; substantive revision Thu Mar 21, 2013
The dispute between rationalism and empiricism concerns the extent to which we are dependent upon sense experience in our effort to gain knowledge. Rationalists claim that there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience. Empiricists claim that sense experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge.
Rationalists generally develop their view in two ways. First, they argue that there are cases where the content of our concepts or knowledge outstrips the information that sense experience can provide. Second, they construct accounts of how reason in some form or other provides that additional information about the world. Empiricists present complementary lines of thought. First, they develop accounts of how experience provides the information that rationalists cite, insofar as we have it in the first place. (Empiricists will at times opt for skepticism as an alternative to rationalism: if experience cannot provide the concepts or knowledge the rationalists cite, then we don't have them.) Second, empiricists attack the rationalists' accounts of how reason is a source of concepts or knowledge.
2. pick holes in sth?
to find the weak points in sth such as a plan, suggestion, etc.挑刺兒；挑毛?。徽衣┒?/p>
雞蛋里挑骨頭
3. gold leaf?金箔
4.?four bodily humours
humour n. (old use) one of the four liquids that were thought in the past to be in a person’s body and to influence health and character 體液（舊時(shí)認(rèn)為存在人體內(nèi)，有四種，可影響健康和性格）
Alhazen阿爾哈曾(965-1040)埃及物理學(xué)家。他最感興趣的領(lǐng)域是光學(xué)，認(rèn)為光是由太陽或其他發(fā)光體發(fā)射出來的，然后通過被看見的物體反射入人眼而感知的結(jié)果。他還正確地解釋了透鏡的原理，即透鏡的聚焦，并制作了無透鏡的針孔成像機(jī)。他還制出了拋物面鏡，一種今天用于望遠(yuǎn)鏡上的部件。他的著作《光學(xué)寶鑒》在16世紀(jì)被譯成拉丁文出版，對(duì)像開普勒這樣的科學(xué)家產(chǎn)生了重大影響。
2RenéDescartes勒內(nèi)·笛卡爾1596年3月31日生于法國安德爾-盧瓦爾省的圖賴訥(現(xiàn)笛卡爾，因笛卡兒得名)，1650年2月11日逝世，法國哲學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家、物理學(xué)家。他對(duì)現(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展做出了重要的貢獻(xiàn)，因?qū)缀巫鴺?biāo)體系公式化而被認(rèn)為是解析幾何之父。他還是西方現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)思想的奠基人，是近代唯物論的開拓者且提出了"普遍懷疑"的主張。黑格爾稱他為"現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)之父"。他的哲學(xué)思想深深影響了之后的幾代歐洲人，開拓了所謂"歐陸理性主義"哲學(xué)?？胺Q17世紀(jì)的歐洲哲學(xué)界和科學(xué)界最有影響的巨匠之一，被譽(yù)為"近代科學(xué)的始祖"。
4Edmond Halley埃德蒙多·哈雷(1656-1742)。英國天文學(xué)家、地理學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家、氣象學(xué)家和物理學(xué)家，曾任牛津大學(xué)幾何學(xué)教授，第二任格林尼治天文臺(tái)臺(tái)長(zhǎng)。他把牛頓定律應(yīng)用到彗星運(yùn)動(dòng)上，并正確預(yù)言了那顆現(xiàn)被稱為哈雷的彗星作回歸運(yùn)動(dòng)的事實(shí)，他還發(fā)現(xiàn)了天狼星、南河三和大角這三顆星的自行，以及月球長(zhǎng)期加速現(xiàn)象。
Ernest Rutherford歐內(nèi)斯特·盧瑟福(1871年-1937年)，新西蘭著名物理學(xué)家，著名的原子核物理學(xué)之父。學(xué)術(shù)界公認(rèn)他為繼法拉第之后最偉大的實(shí)驗(yàn)物理學(xué)家。盧瑟福領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)成功地證實(shí)在原子的中心有個(gè)原子核，創(chuàng)建了盧瑟福模型(行星模型)。他最先成功地在氮與α粒子的核反應(yīng)里將原子分裂，他又在同實(shí)驗(yàn)里發(fā)現(xiàn)了質(zhì)子，并且為質(zhì)子命名。第104號(hào)元素為紀(jì)念他而命名為"爐"。
事跡：1909年盧瑟福在英國曼徹斯特大學(xué)同他的學(xué)生Marsden用α粒子撞擊一片薄金箔，他發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分的粒子都能通過金箔，只有極少數(shù)會(huì)跳回。他笑說這是海軍用15吋巨炮射擊一張紙，但炮彈卻會(huì)被彈回而打到自己。最后他提出了一個(gè)類似于大陽系行星系統(tǒng)的原子模型，認(rèn)為原子空間大都是空的，電子像行星圍繞原子核旋轉(zhuǎn)，推翻了當(dāng)時(shí)所使用的梅子布丁原子模型。
摘自同學(xué)筆記。
2.27 ? ?23:50
