tornado

請求與響應(yīng)

請求

• 接收get傳遞參數(shù)

  • 獲取請求URL中的參數(shù)： self.get_argument('name')/self.get_arguments('name')

  • self.get_query_argument('name')/ self.get_query_arguments('name')

• 接收post傳遞參數(shù)

  • 獲取請求體body傳遞的參數(shù)： self.get_argument('name')/self.get_arguments('name')

  • self.get_body_argument('name')/ self.get_body_arguments('name')

響應(yīng)

Tornado應(yīng)用

定義make_app函數(shù)

獲取(返回)tornado.web.Application對象

• 對象的參數(shù)handlers=[(訪問路由，執(zhí)行方法)，]

• 監(jiān)聽端口：Application對象.listen(端口)

執(zhí)行方法類，需繼承tornado.web.RequestHandler

• 如果處理get請求，則定義def get(self)方法

• 如果處理post請求，則定義def post(self)方法

啟動

• 獲取應(yīng)用： app = make_app()

• tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()

命令行

定義默認的監(jiān)聽端口：

define('port', default=8080, type=int)

解析命令行中參數(shù)：parse_command_line()

獲取命令行中的port參數(shù)：options.port

啟動命令：python xxx.py --port=端口值

繼承了RequestHandler的類

關(guān)于get等請求方法的應(yīng)用

    def get(self, month, year, day):
        self.write('%s年%s月%s日' % (year, month, day))

    def post(self, month, year, day):
        self.write('post：只負責(zé)新增數(shù)據(jù)')
    
    def delete(self, month, year, day):
        self.write('delete：只負責(zé)刪除')
    
    def patch(self, month, year, day):
        self.write('patch：修改部分屬性')
    
    def put(self, month, year, day):
        self.write('put：修改全部屬性')

### 跳轉(zhuǎn)：self.redirect('/路由/')

### 一般在initialize方法中通過pymysql連接數(shù)據(jù)庫

self.connect_obj = pymysql.connect(  host='127.0.0.1',  user='root',  password='zhuming',  database='flask9',  port=3306,  charset='utf8',  autocommit=True  )  # cursor參數(shù)pymysql.cursors.DictCursor定義取出的數(shù)據(jù)格式  self.cursor = self.connect_obj.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)

### def initialize(self):

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" contenteditable="true" cid="n54" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">self.write('訪問路由的時候開始時自動調(diào)用')</pre>

### def prepare(self):

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" contenteditable="true" cid="n56" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">self.write('訪問路由的時候在initialize之后調(diào)用')</pre>

### 其他的get, post, put, patch, delete等方法寫在中間

### def on_finish(self):

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" contenteditable="true" cid="n59" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">self.write('訪問路由的時候結(jié)束時自動調(diào)用')</pre>

cookie

添加cookie：self.set_cookie('name', 'value', expires/expires_days)

• 其中expires=日期，值可以通過datetime.now() + timedelta(days=值) 設(shè)置

• 其中expires_days=正整數(shù)，代表幾天后消失

刪除cookie，只能刪除值，不能刪除鍵

self.clear_cookie('name') self.clear_all_cookies()

路由定義

第一種

• 定義：tornado.web.Application(handlers=[(r'/days/(\d+)/(\d+)/', DaysHandler), ])

• def get(self, month, day)

• 注意：路由中的第一個參數(shù)，被函數(shù)中定義的month接收，第二個參數(shù)被函數(shù)中定義的day接收

第二種

• 定義：tornado.web.Application(handlers=[(r'/days/(?P<name>\d+)/(?P<name2>\d2)', DaysHandler), ])

• def get(self, name2, name)

• 注意：路由中的第一個參數(shù)取名為name，第二個參數(shù)取名為name2

HTTP行為方法

GET：只用于獲取數(shù)據(jù)

POST：只用于創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)

PUT：修改某個對象的全部屬性

PATCH：修改某個對象的部分屬性

DELETE：刪除數(shù)據(jù)

切入點函數(shù)

def initialize(self): 實例化初始內(nèi)容，在調(diào)用行為方法之前將自動調(diào)用

def prepare(self): 在調(diào)用行為方法之前將自動調(diào)用

def on_finish(self): 在調(diào)用行為方法之后將自動調(diào)用

模板

模板文件路徑定義：Application(handlers=[], template_path='指定templates文件夾的路徑')

獲取templates路徑：os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(file)), 'templates')

父模板

• 挖坑：{% block name %} {% end %}

子模板

• 繼承：{% extends '父模板名稱' %}

模板語法

• 標(biāo)簽：{% 標(biāo)簽名 %} {% end %}

  • if標(biāo)簽：{% if 條件 %} {% end %}、{% if 條件 %} {% elif 條件 %} {% else %} {% end %}

  • for標(biāo)簽：{% for 變量 in [] %} {% end %}

  • set標(biāo)簽：{% set 變量=值 %}

  • while標(biāo)簽：{% while 條件 %} {% end %}

  • try標(biāo)簽：{% try %} {% except %} {% finally %} {% end %}

• 變量：{{ 變量名 }}

• 注解：{# 注解內(nèi)容 #}

靜態(tài)文件配置與使用

• 配置：tornado.web.Application(handlers=[], template_path='', static_path='')

• static_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(file)), 'static')

• 導(dǎo)入靜態(tài)文件： href='/static/css/xxx.css'、 href={{ static_url('css/xxx.css') }}

模型

1、模型定義：必須繼承于Base = declarative_base(bind=engine)

2、數(shù)據(jù)庫連接配置：mysql+pymysql://root:zhuming@127.0.0.1:3306/database

3、創(chuàng)建連接、引擎：create_engine(連接地址)

4、創(chuàng)建會話對象：

DbSession = session_maker(bind=engine) session = DbSession()

增

• session.add(對象) session.commit()

• session.add_all(對象列表) session,commit()

刪

• session.delete(對象) session.commit()

• filter(條件).delete() session.commit()

查

• session.query(模型).filter(條件).all() session.query(模型).filter(條件).first()

• filter(模型名.字段 == 值)

• filter_by(字段 = 值)

改

• 同增的操作

• filter(條件).update({'key': 'value', 'key2': 'value2'})

同步/異步

同步請求

class IndexHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" contenteditable="true" cid="n169" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">def get(self):
 # 路由中傳遞的參數(shù)，/index/?q=python
 q = self.get_argument('q')
 # 向地址發(fā)送請求：https://cn.bing.com/search?q=
 client = tornado.httpclient.HTTPClient()
 response = client.fetch('https://cn.bing.com/search?q=%s' % q)
 print(response)
 self.write('同步測試')</pre>

異步請求

class IndexHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" contenteditable="true" cid="n172" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">def get(self):
 # 路由中傳遞的參數(shù)，/index/?q=python
 q = self.get_argument('q')
 # 向地址發(fā)送請求：https://cn.bing.com/search?q=
 client = tornado.httpclient.HTTPClient()
 response = client.fetch('https://cn.bing.com/search?q=%s' % q)
 print(response)
 self.write('同步測試')</pre>

### 異步請求簡化

class IndexHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):  @tornado.web.asynchronous  @tornado.web.gen.coroutine  def get(self):  q = self.get_argument('q')  client = tornado.httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()  response = yield client.fetch('[https://cn.bing.com/search?q=%s](https://cn.bing.com/search?q=%25s)' % q)  print(response)  self.write('異步測試')

客戶端與服務(wù)器保持連接

class ChatHandler(tornado.websocket.WebSocketHandler):  # 用于存放連接的對象  user_online = []

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" contenteditable="true" cid="n177" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
 # 當(dāng)進入chat.html頁面時，會主動觸發(fā)該函數(shù)
 self.user_online.append(self)
 for user in self.user_online:
 # 給每個在線用戶推送這條消息
 # username = self.get_cookie('username')
 username = self.get_secure_cookie('username').decode('utf-8')
 user.write_message('系統(tǒng)提示：【%s】已進入聊天室' % username)
?
def on_message(self, message):
 # 接收前端傳的數(shù)據(jù)
 username = self.get_secure_cookie('username').decode('utf-8')
 for user in self.user_online:
 # 給每個在線用戶推送這條消息
 user.write_message('%s: %s' % (username, message))
?
def on_close(self):
 # 移除連接對象
 self.user_online.remove(self)
 for user in self.user_online:
 # 給每個在線用戶推送這條消息
 username = self.get_secure_cookie('username').decode('utf-8')
 user.write_message('系統(tǒng)提示：【%s】已退出聊天室' % username)</pre>

后端方法

• 業(yè)務(wù)類繼承tornado.websocket.WebSocketHandler

• def open(self, *args, **kwargs): 跳轉(zhuǎn)到該路由時自動觸發(fā)該函數(shù)

• 向前端發(fā)送消息 self.write_message('內(nèi)容')

• def on_message(self, message):

  message就是前端傳過來的數(shù)據(jù)

• def on_close(self):

  移除連接對象的時候自動調(diào)用

前端方法

<!--建立連接-->  var websocket = new WebSocket('ws://127.0.0.1:80/chat/')

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" contenteditable="true" cid="n194" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> <!--獲取后端返回的數(shù)據(jù)-->
 websocket.onmessage = function(e){
 console.log(e.data)
 $('#chat').append(e.data)
 $('#chat').append('<br>')
 }
?
 $('#btn').click(function(){
 <!--向后端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)-->
 var content = $('#content').val()
 websocket.send(content)
 })</pre>

*   在js中編寫，首先建立一個連接  var websocket = new WebSocket('ws://127.0.0.1:80/路由名/')

*   獲取后端返回的數(shù)據(jù)  websocket.onmessage = function(e){  console.log(e.data)  }

*   向后端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)  websocket.send(content)