We demonstrate that the Mpemba paradox arises intrinsically from the release rate of energy initially stored in the covalent H-O part of the O:H-O bond in water albeit experimental conditions. Generally, heating raises the energy of a substance by lengthening and softening all bonds involved. However, the O:H nonbond in water follows actively the general rule of thermal expansion and drives the H-O covalent bond to relax oppositely in length and energy because of the inter-electron-electron pair coupling [J Phys Chem Lett 4, 2565 (2013); ibid 4, 3238 (2013)]. Heating stores energy into the H-O bond by shortening and stiffening it. Cooling the water as the source in a refrigerator as a drain, the H-O bond releases its energy at a rate that depends exponentially on the initially storage of energy, and therefore, Mpemba effect happens. This effect is formulated in terms of the relaxation time tau to represent all possible processes of energy loss. Consistency between predictions and measurements revealed that the tau drops exponentially intrinsically with the initial temperature of the water being cooled.我們說明了 Mpemba 悖論的產(chǎn)生原因:它是由于在水的氫鍵狀態(tài)(O:H-O)下,氫氧共價鍵(H-O)釋放能量的速度在不同實驗條件下是不一樣的。一般來說,將一個物體加熱,這個物體內(nèi)的所有化學鍵都會增長且變得更加靈活。然而,水中的氫鍵(O:H)在遵從這個規(guī)律的情況下,將氫氧共價鍵推向了相反的方向,也就是說溫度越高,氫氧共價鍵反而更短更不容易變形;這是由于氫鍵和共價鍵直接的電子相互作用[J Phys Chem Lett 4, 2565 (2013); ibid 4, 3238 (2013)]. 因而,氫氧共價鍵在儲存能量的情況下變得更短而結(jié)實。當水在冰箱中冷卻時,氫氧共價鍵釋放熱量的速率與其最初儲存的能量呈指數(shù)關(guān)系(譯者注:指數(shù)關(guān)系表明了熱水釋放熱量的速率會明顯大于冷水),所以 Mpemba 效應就會發(fā)生。文章中,我們用弛豫時間來定量計算了能量釋放的過程;實驗和我們預測的指數(shù)關(guān)系是相互符合的。
為什么熱水比冷水結(jié)冰快?
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