L6-U2-P3-1 Listening : The murder of Caesar?凱撒之死

In this course, we have tried to prepare you to understand and discuss important topics that are often in the news.

在本課程中，我們努力讓你做好準備，去理解和討論那些經常出現(xiàn)在新聞中的重要話題。

Sometimes the news is good news, but all too often we learn of problems and crises.?

有時新聞是好消息，但更多時候我們聽到的是問題和危機。

Once in a while an event is extraordinary and will change the world.?

偶爾會有非同尋常的事件發(fā)生，并改變世界。

In this lesson, we focus on an event that changed history forever.?

在本課中，我們聚焦于一個永遠改變了歷史的事件。

This historical event was the assassination of the Roman leader, Julius Caesar.?

這一歷史事件是羅馬領袖尤利烏斯·凱撒的遇刺。

We will never know how history might have been different had this event not taken place.?

我們永遠無法知曉，倘若此事未曾發(fā)生，歷史將會怎樣改寫。

But we can speculate what caused it and how it might have been prevented.?

但我們可以推測其發(fā)生的原因，以及它或許如何能被阻止。

Why does this course focus on such topics as historical events？--- This kind of language is often used in news reports 。

We?will?never know how history?might?have?been?different?had?this event not?taken?place.

One of the most famous assassinations in history was the assassination of Julius Caesar.

歷史上最著名的刺殺事件之一，便是尤利烏斯·凱撒的遇刺。

At the time of his death in 44 B.C., he was the leader of the Rome empire.?

在他于公元前44年去世時，他是羅馬帝國的領袖。

His title was "Dictator for life" which meant he had absolute authority for as long as he lived.?

他的頭銜是“終身獨裁官”，這意味著只要他活著，就擁有絕對的權力。

He had gained this power through his successes as military commander.?

他是通過作為軍事指揮官的成就而獲得這一權力的。

In fact, some historians consider him to be one of the greatest military commanders in history.?

事實上，一些歷史學家認為他是歷史上最偉大的軍事指揮官之一。

How had he gained power? --- He had many military successes.

One of the most famous assassinations in history was the assassination of Julius Caesar.

His title was "Dictator for life" which meant he had absolute authority for as long as he lived.

We?will?never know how history?might?have?been?different?had?this event not?taken?place.

Once gaining power he fought against corruption and began to restructure the government.

掌握權力后，他打擊腐敗并開始重組政府。

For example, he increased the number of senators and changed how they were chosen.?

例如，他增加了元老院議員的人數(shù)，并改變了他們的選拔方式。

Instead of being elected, they could be appointed, even if they were not from Rome.?

他們不再通過選舉產生，而是可以被任命，即使他們并非來自羅馬。

These actions reduced the power of individual senators and shifted the power to Caesar himself.?

這些行動削弱了元老院議員個人的權力，并將權力轉移到了凱撒自己手中。

In doing so, he created many enemies, especially among the aristocracy.?

這樣做使他樹敵眾多，尤其是在貴族階層中。

However he also had many admirers who supported his efforts to end corruption.?

然而，他也有許多崇拜者，支持他終結腐敗的努力。

The aristocracy ...is the ruling class of a country.

Caesar was stabbed to death by a group of Rome senators on March 15th, 44 B.C.

凱撒于公元前44年3月15日被一群羅馬元老院議員刺殺身亡。

He was scheduled to leave Rome three days later to fight another war.?

他原定于三天后離開羅馬，率軍出征另一場戰(zhàn)爭。

He had appointed members of his army to rule the empire while he was away.?

他已任命自己軍隊的成員在他離開期間治理帝國。

This action angered many in the Rome senate who didn't want to take orders from Caesar's subordinates.?

這一舉動激怒了許多羅馬元老院議員，他們不愿聽從凱撒下屬的命令。

He should have been aware that many of the senators hated him, but he dismissed his security force, not long before the assassination.?

他本應意識到許多元老院議員憎恨他，但在遇刺前不久，他卻解散了自己的安保衛(wèi)隊。

If he hadn't dismissed it, the assassination attempt might not have succeeded.?

如果他沒有解散衛(wèi)隊，這場刺殺行動或許就不會得逞。

Who did Caesar appoint to rule while he was away from Rome ？--- a group of army subordinates .

If he?hadn't?dismissed it, the assassination?attempt?might not have?succeeded.

He appointed members of his army to rule while he was away from Rome.

He shouldn't have dismissed his security force .

If he hadn’t acted against the aristocracy, he wouldn’t have created as many enemies.

On the day of his assassination, it is reported that Caesar may have been handed a warning note as he entered the senate.

據(jù)記載，在遇刺當天，凱撒進入元老院時可能收到過一封警告信。

If he did receive such a note, he didn't read it.?

如果他確實收到了這樣的信，他并沒有閱讀。

It seems that as if he was in a state of denial and refused to recognize the danger that was facing him.?

他似乎處于一種否認狀態(tài)，拒絕正視自己面臨的危險。

Once he had entered the senate, he was surrounded by senators holding daggers or knives.?

他進入元老院后，便被手持匕首的元老們圍住。

The first blow hit Caesar in his neck and drew blood.?

第一擊擊中凱撒的頸部，頓時血流如注。

Then the other senators joined in and stabbed him repeatedly until he fell to the floor and died.?

隨后其他元老一擁而上，反復刺向他，直到他倒地身亡。

In total he suffered 23 knife wounds.?

他全身共受23處刀傷。

How did Caesar contribute to his own death? -He refused to realize how his actions had angered so many powerful men.

On the day of his assassination, it is reported that Caesar may have been handed a warning note as he entered the senate. If he did receive such a note, he didn't read it. It seems that as if he was in a state of denial and refused to recognize the danger that was facing him. Once he had entered the senate, he was surrounded by senators holding daggers or knives.

With his death power shifted to his adopted son, Octavian, who vowed revenge against the assassins.

隨著他的死亡，權力轉移到了他的養(yǎng)子屋大維手中，屋大維誓言要向刺殺者復仇。

Eventually, several of the leading assassins were either killed or committed suicide.?

最終，幾名主要的刺殺者要么被殺，要么自殺。

After a power struggle, Octavian strengthened his position as leader and ruled the empire for many years.?

經過一番權力斗爭，屋大維鞏固了自己作為領導者的地位，并統(tǒng)治了帝國多年。

In the end, Caesar's attempts to end corruption failed.?

最終，凱撒終結腐敗的努力以失敗告終。

With his death power shifted to his adopted son, Octavian, who vowed revenge against the assassins. Eventually, several of the leading of assassins were either killed or committed suicide.

If he did receive the warning note and had read it, he might have escaped.

Once he had entered the senate, he was surrounded by senators holding daggers or knives.

The first blow?hit?Caesar in his neck and drew?blood .

L6-U2-P3-2 Listening : JFK Assassination?肯尼迪遇刺

One of the most historic events of the 20th century was the assassination of US President, John Kennedy.

20世紀最具歷史意義的事件之一，便是美國總統(tǒng)約翰·肯尼迪遇刺。

Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States, serving as President from January 1961 until November 1963.?

肯尼迪是美國第35任總統(tǒng)，自1961年1月起任職，直至1963年11月。

During his time in office the US entered the space race with the Soviet Union.?

在其任職期間，美國與蘇聯(lián)展開了太空競賽。

Kennedy pledged that the US would land a man on the moon by the end of the decade.?

肯尼迪承諾，美國將在十年內將人類送上月球。

Unfortunately, he never lived to see this happen.?

遺憾的是，他未能親眼見證這一切的實現(xiàn)。

What did Kennedy pledge to do by the end of the decade?--- Land a man on the moon??

One of the most historic events of the 20th century was the assassination of US President, John Kennedy.

In October of 1962, the US and the Soviet Union came dangerously close to entering a full-scale nuclear war.

1962年10月，美國和蘇聯(lián)一度瀕臨全面核戰(zhàn)爭的邊緣。

This event was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.?

這一事件被稱為“古巴導彈危機”。

Kennedy's skillful handling of the situation, along with that of his Soviet counterpart, Nikita Khrushchev, helped save the world from a nuclear catastrophe.?

肯尼迪與他的蘇聯(lián) counterpart 尼基塔·赫魯曉夫憑借嫻熟的處理，幫助世界免于一場核災難。

Following this event, his approval rating in the United States improved from 66% to 77%.?

此次事件后，他在美國國內的支持率從66%升至77%。

To many, he was considered to be the type of leader who could build a better world.?

在許多人心目中，他是那種能夠建設更美好世界的領袖。

What happened to Kennedy's approval rating after the Cuban Missile crisis? --- it improved.?

Kennedy?pledged?that the US?would?land a man on the moon?by the end of the?decade.

He never lived to see the landing of a man on the moon.

To many, he was?considered?to be the?type?of leader who could?build?a better?world.

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy's presidency came to a sudden and tragic end.

1963年11月22日，肯尼迪的總統(tǒng)任期突然以悲劇告終。

He was shot and killed while riding in a motorcade in the city of Dallas, Texas.?

他在得克薩斯州達拉斯市乘坐車隊時遭槍擊身亡。

Kennedy and his wife were sitting in an open car, waving to a large crowd of people when he was shot.?

肯尼迪和妻子當時正坐在一輛敞篷車上，向一大群人揮手致意，隨即中槍。

They were sitting in an open car, with no protection, because the sky was clear.?

他們坐在敞篷車里，毫無防護，因為當時天氣晴朗。

It had rained until about 10 a.m., but then the sun came out.?

雨一直下到上午10點左右，隨后天放晴了。

If the sky hadn't cleared, there would have been a bubble top, or clear roof, on the car.?

如果天沒有放晴，車上就會裝上一個防彈罩，即透明車頂。

This would have prevented the assassination.?

這原本可以阻止刺殺的發(fā)生。

Kennedy wanted it down so that he could be closer to the crowds who were there to greet him.?

肯尼迪當時希望放下車頂，以便更親近前來迎接他的人群。

What allowed them to be in an open car? --- The sky had cleared .

Another factor that contributed to the assassination was the route of the motorcade through the city.

另一個導致刺殺發(fā)生的因素是車隊穿越市區(qū)的路線。

The route was published several days earlier in the local newspapers.?

該路線在幾天前就已刊登在當?shù)貓蠹埳稀?/p>

The motorcade was to pass through downtown Dallas and round a sharp corner near the building where the assassin worked.?

車隊將穿過達拉斯市中心，并在刺客工作的那棟大樓附近拐過一個急彎。

From that building, there was a clear view of the president's car.?

從那棟大樓可以清楚地看到總統(tǒng)的專車。

If the route had been different, the assassination probably wouldn't have taken place.?

如果路線不同，刺殺很可能就不會發(fā)生。

What would have happened had the view from the building not provided a clear view of the President's car? --- The assassin would have had to shoot from another location.?

They were sitting in an open car, with no protection, because the sky was clear.

The route was published several days earlier in the local newspapers .

If the route had been different, the assassination probably wouldn't have taken place.

The president was struck by two bullets, but it was the second one that probably killed him.

總統(tǒng)被兩顆子彈擊中，但很可能是第二顆子彈殺死了他。

That was the fatal shot.?

那是致命的一槍。

It opened a massive wound in his head.?

這一槍在他的頭部造成了一個巨大的傷口。

Sitting beside him, his wife's last words to her husband were: "Jack, Jack, can you hear me? I love you Jack."?

坐在他身旁的妻子對丈夫說的最后一句話是：“杰克，杰克，你能聽見我嗎？我愛你，杰克?！?/p>

The assassin's quick shots were incredibly accurate.?

刺客射出的子彈快得驚人，而且精準無比。

If the fatal shot had been off by just a little, Kennedy might have survived.?

如果那顆致命的子彈稍有偏差，肯尼迪或許就能幸存下來。

If the fatal shot had been off by just a little, Kennedy might have survived.

So if any of these factors had been different, history would have changed.

因此，如果這些因素中任何一個有所不同，歷史就會被改寫。

Kennedy's death disillusioned many Americans who had been inspired by his vision for the future.?

肯尼迪的死使許多曾受其未來愿景激勵的美國人理想幻滅。

With his death, a whole generation of Americans woke up to a reality where their dreams for a brighter future had been shattered.?

隨著他的離世，整整一代美國人醒來后面對的現(xiàn)實是，他們對更光明未來的夢想已支離破碎。

What happened to the dreams of many Americans when Kennedy was assassinated? ---They were shattered.

So if any of these?factors?had been different, history would have changed.

The president was struck by two bullets,but it was the second one that probably killed him.

The assassination of Kennedy shattered the dreams of many Americans.

L6-U2-P3-3 Dialogue : Taking care of elderly?照顧老人

B: I'm sorry to hear about your father.

B: 聽到你父親的事我很難過。

B: I hope he died peacefully.?

B: 希望他走得很安詳。

A: Emm, he knew that it was coming, and he had a good life.?

A: 嗯，他知道這一天會來，他的一生也過得很充實。

A: He’d been sick for about a year.?

A: 他病了大約一年。

A: Luckily, there wasn't much pain.?

A: 幸運的是，沒受太多苦。

B: So, how was your mother??

B: 那你母親怎么樣？

A: She isn't taking it well.?

A: 她很難接受這個事實。

A: Even though she knew it was coming, she has a hard time without him.?

A: 盡管她知道這一天會來，但沒有他的日子她還是很煎熬。

A: She says the house seems so empty, and she feels useless.?

A: 她說家里空蕩蕩的，覺得自己很沒用。

How did her father die? -?He died after a long illness.

Luckily, there wasn't much pain.

He’d been sick for about a year.

Even though she knew it was coming, she has a hard time without him.?

B: I can imagine.

B: 我能想象得到。

B: Does she have many friends??

B: 她朋友多嗎？

A: She has a few, but she's never been very social.?

A: 她有幾個朋友，但一直不怎么愛社交。

A: Maybe she'll get out a bit more now, but I don't think that's real likely.?

A: 也許現(xiàn)在她會多出門一些，但我覺得可能性不大。

A: She is also beginning to lose her memory.?

A: 她也開始有些健忘了。

B: Oh, that's too bad.?

B: 哦，那太糟糕了。

B: My mom is losing her memory too.?

B: 我媽媽也在失去記憶。

B: Sometimes she doesn't know who I am.?

B: 有時她認不出我是誰。

B: She mixes me up with my sister.?

B: 她會把我跟我妹妹搞混。

Why is unlikely that her mother would begin to make more friends? - She's never been very social.

A: Does she live by herself?

A: 她一個人住嗎？

B: She did until about a year ago.?

B: 大約一年前之前是。

B: Then we had her come and stay with us.?

B: 后來我們把她接來和我們一起住了。

A: How is that working out??

A: 這樣還好嗎？

B: It was okay at first, but now with her memory problems, it isn't working.?

B: 剛開始還好，但現(xiàn)在因為她記憶的問題，越來越不行了。

B: We are thinking about putting her into a senior living community.?

B: 我們正在考慮把她送到養(yǎng)老社區(qū)。

B: It's expensive, but it can provide her with the support she needs.?

B: 費用很高，但能給她提供所需的照護。

They are thinking about putting her mother into a senior community because --- her memory problems are getting worse.

In addition to providing a place to live, the services of a senior living community --- include meals and medical support .

She did until about a year ago.

It's expensive, but it can provide her with the support she needs.

Senior communities generally provide meals and medical support.

A: We may have to do that too.

A: 我們可能也得這么做。

A: My husband and mother don't get along at all.?

A: 我丈夫和我媽媽關系很不好。

A: He can't relax when she is around.?

A: 她在的時候他根本放松不下來。

A: When I mentioned it to him, he said he would consider it, but only if it were for a very short time.?

A: 我跟他提這件事時，他說會考慮，但只能是短期。

B: Well, I'm sorry you have to deal with it.?

B: 唉，真抱歉你得面對這些。

B: It doesn't seem like there are any good choices.?

B: 看起來沒有什么好的選擇。

A: Emm, I'm afraid that's right.?

A: 嗯，恐怕確實如此。

A: We are getting older, too.?

A: 我們也越來越老了。

A: There's another reminder of our mortality.?

A: 這是又一個提醒我們自己終有一死的信號。

A: You are no longer children, so now it's our turn to take care of our parents.?

A: 我們不再是孩子了，現(xiàn)在輪到我們來照顧父母了。

Well, I'm sorry you have to deal with it.?It doesn't seem like there are any good choices.?

B: The way I see it, it's a reminder for us to enjoy life what we can.

B: 在我看來，這是在提醒我們要盡量享受生活。

B: If you'd like, I can send you information about some senior communities.?

B: 如果你愿意，我可以發(fā)一些養(yǎng)老社區(qū)的信息給你。

A: Please do, we need to start making plans.?

A: 麻煩發(fā)給我吧，我們需要開始做計劃了。

B: There are waiting lists to get inside them, so you shouldn't wait to apply.?

B: 這些社區(qū)都要排隊等候入住，所以申請不宜再等了。

What is a reminder that we should enjoy life while we can? --- Our parents are getting old.?

He might agree to it if it's for a very short time

The fact that our parents are getting old is a reminder that we are only young once

If you'd like, I can send you information about some senior communities.?

L6-U2-P3-4 Reading : The murder of Caesar?凱撒之死

Should a good leader be loved or feared? This question is as relevant to leaders today as it was to Julius Caesar when he took control of Rome in 44 BC. How Caesar treated his enemies is a valuable lesson on forgiveness, arrogance, and absolute power.

After Caesar seized power, he had to decide how to handle those who opposed him. Roman politics had always been bloody. The previous dictator had murdered 5 ,000 of his rivals and confiscated their property after coming to power. Caesar's enemies expected a similar punishment.

But Caesar was determined not to rule through fear. If he were to reform the government, he would need the support of the people.So he made a fateful decision: rather than punish or kill his enemies, he offered them mercy and incentives. He didn't seize their property, and he even rewarded some of them with high-ranking government positions.

However, not all of his enemies wanted to be forgiven. Caesar's rivals came from the aristocracy.?Many had held power in the Senate for centuries. By expanding and reforming the Senate, Caesar had shifted power away from the aristocracy and taken it for himself. The high-ranking positions he had given as rewards had no real authority. For the aristocracy, to live without power was not forgiveness, but humiliation.

Caesar?should?have?known?that many senators hated him, but his arrogance?seems?to have?blinded?him. After he made himself dictator for life, he?proclaimed?himself a god and?consolidated?more power. These actions?infuriated?his enemies and even his allies.?However, he still?considered?many senators to be his loyal friends.He even dismissed his personal security force. Ironically, when he was assassinated, it was his good friend, Brutus, who led the plot.

Perhaps it is better for a leader to be feared. If Caesar hadn't let his rivals live, he might not have been murdered.But was forgiveness the problem? Caesar's reforms took power from the aristocracy, and his arrogance angered both friends and enemies.?Perhaps if he hadn't been so arrogant, or acted like a god, he would have survived.

What is this story saying about leadership ? --- Arrogance can be a dangerous quality in a leader .

What does the author believe about Caesar's forgiveness ? --- It wasn't the only factor that contributed to his death .

To infuriate someone means --- to make them feel extremely angry.

To reform something means ...to make changes to it to improve it.

By expanding and reforming the Senate, Caesar had shifted power away from the aristocracy and taken it for himself.?

But Caesar was determined not to rule through fear. If he were to reform the government, he would need the support of the people.So he made a fateful decision: rather than punish or kill his enemies, he offered them mercy and incentives. He didn't seize their property, and he even rewarded some of them with high-ranking government positions.

If he were to reform the government, he would need the support of the people.

If Caesar hadn't let his rivals live, he might not have been murdered.

However, he still?considered?many senators to be his loyal friends.

L6-U2-P3-5 Reading : Urban Elderly Care in India?印度城市老年人護理

Lack of adequate care for senior citizens is a real issue in India that cuts across economic and social strata. Many of us have personally lived through and experienced it with our parents and elders. Most senior citizens, especially those who live independently, are unable to get the care and trusted support they need. As a result, they compromise on their needs and lifestyle. Their children or caregivers are forced to spend disproportionate time, and/or resources to support them. so much so that many women are forced to stay away from the workforce to take care of elders at home.

The imminent demographic,economic,and social changes that accompany the growing population of senior citizens,together with the rising aspirations of the young, leading to more women in the workforce,are rapidly driving up the magnitude of this problem. If we look at numbers,India is home to 115 million elderly,which is more than 8% of the population. Many of us don't realize it,but that puts India into the category of "aging' countries.?While?India's overall population will?growby?about 40% from 2006 to 2050,the population of the oldest elderly,80 plus,?will grow 500 % over the same period. This?should?be enough to make one take?notice.?Engaging?with the elderly will become one of the biggest?areas?of work in the country.?Some may see this as a challenge and some as a huge opportunity.

Businesses have?attempted?to?address?this only sporadically, with emotional advertising? ?that?features?a?poignant?conversation involving an?elderly?grandparent. But there has been very little effort to provide products and services. The reasons for such apathy, especially among entrepreneurs, are not difficult to guess. Many feel that the elderly are cynical,not open to experiment and not willing to spend. Investors see bigger opportunities for exponential growth in addressing young, upwardly mobile consumers. Still, I'm left with the question of why aren't more products and services designed for the elderly? I sense a problem looking for a solution.

From this article we learn that --- There aren't enough products and services for the elderly.?

In which sector do investors see a bigger opportunity for growth? --- young,upwardly mobile consumers .

An adequate amount of something is --- just enough.

If an event is imminent ,it --- is about to happen .

Businesses have?attempted?to?address?this only sporadically, with emotional advertising that?features?a?poignant?conversation involving an?elderly?grandparent.

While?India's overall population will?grow by?about 40% from 2006 to 2050,the population of the oldest elderly,80 plus,?will grow 500 % over the same period. This?should?be enough to make one take?notice.?Engaging?with the elderly will become one of the biggest?areas?of work in the country.?Some may see this as a challenge and some as a huge opportunity.

As a result, they compromise on their needs and lifestyle.

This?should?be enough to make one take?notice.

The author thinks there is a significant business?opportunity.