這一段中，我們主要學習一個語法知識：獨立結構。這兩句話中都用到了獨立結構：

At the end of class they bow low to an image of Confucius,hands clasped as if in prayer.

China is undergoing a cultural renaissance,much of it government-sponsored.

如果我寫可能會寫成：China is undergoing a cultural renaissance,much of which is government-sponsored.不是很利索。

獨立結構之所以被稱為“獨立”，是因為它有自己的主語，而且這個主語和主句的主語不一樣；稱它為“結構”，而不是“句子”，是因為它并不是一個句子，它并沒有謂語動詞。

獨立主格的基本形式是：主語+非謂語動詞/形容詞。主要功能是用來修飾整個句子，也就是我們常說的作“狀語”。

一起來看一道GMAT語法題：

Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War, Horace, Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left.