定義和調用函數
定義：
func greet(person: String) -> String {
let greeting = "Hello, " + person + "!"
return greeting
}
調用：
print(greet(person: "Anna"))
// Prints "Hello, Anna!"
print(greet(person: "Brian"))
// Prints "Hello, Brian!"
func greetAgain(person: String) -> String {
return "Hello again, " + person + "!"
}
print(greetAgain(person: "Anna"))
// Prints "Hello again, Anna!"
函數參數和返回值
沒有參數的函數
返回值為字符串的值
func sayHelloWorld() -> String {
return "hello, world"
}
print(sayHelloWorld())
// Prints "hello, world"
具有多個參數的函數
一個參數名person 類型為字符串，另一個alreadyGreeted 類型為bool 返回一個字符串
func greet(person: String, alreadyGreeted: Bool) -> String {
if alreadyGreeted {
return greetAgain(person: person)
} else {
return greet(person: person)
}
}
print(greet(person: "Tim", alreadyGreeted: true))
// Prints "Hello again, Tim!"
沒有返回值的函數
func greet(person: String) {
print("Hello, \(person)!")
}
greet(person: "Dave")
// Prints "Hello, Dave!"
由于該函數的定義不需要返回值，因此它不包含返回箭頭（->）或返回類型
調用函數時，可以忽略其返回值：
func printAndCount(string: String) -> Int {
print(string)
return string.count
}
func printWithoutCounting(string: String) {
let _ = printAndCount(string: string)
}
printAndCount(string: "hello, world")
// prints "hello, world" and returns a value of 12
printWithoutCounting(string: "hello, world")
// prints "hello, world" but does not return a value
具有多個返回值的函數
返回兩個返回值，最大最小
func minMax(array: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int) {
var currentMin = array[0]
var currentMax = array[0]
for value in array[1..<array.count] {
if value < currentMin {
currentMin = value
} else if value > currentMax {
currentMax = value
}
}
return (currentMin, currentMax)
}
let bounds = minMax(array: [8, -6, 2, 109, 3, 71])
print("min is \(bounds.min) and max is \(bounds.max)")
// Prints "min is -6 and max is 109"
可選的元組返回類型
func minMax(array: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int)? {
if array.isEmpty { return nil }
var currentMin = array[0]
var currentMax = array[0]
for value in array[1..<array.count] {
if value < currentMin {
currentMin = value
} else if value > currentMax {
currentMax = value
}
}
return (currentMin, currentMax)
}
if let bounds = minMax(array: [8, -6, 2, 109, 3, 71]) {
print("min is \(bounds.min) and max is \(bounds.max)")
}
// Prints "min is -6 and max is 109"
隱式返回函數
func greeting(for person: String) -> String {
"Hello, " + person + "!"
}
print(greeting(for: "Dave"))
// Prints "Hello, Dave!"
func anotherGreeting(for person: String) -> String {
return "Hello, " + person + "!"
}
print(anotherGreeting(for: "Dave"))
// Prints "Hello, Dave!"
func greeting(for person: String) -> String {
"Hello, " + person + "!"
}
func greeting1(person: String) -> String {
"Hello, " + person + "!"
}
image.png
函數參數標簽和參數名稱
func someFunction(firstParameterName: Int, secondParameterName: Int) {
// In the function body, firstParameterName and secondParameterName
// refer to the argument values for the first and second parameters.
}
someFunction(firstParameterName: 1, secondParameterName: 2)
指定參數標簽
func someFunction(argumentLabel parameterName: Int) {
// In the function body, parameterName refers to the argument value
// for that parameter.
}
func greet(person: String, from hometown: String) -> String {
return "Hello \(person)! Glad you could visit from \(hometown)."
}
print(greet(person: "Bill", from: "Cupertino"))
// Prints "Hello Bill! Glad you could visit from Cupertino."
image.png
在參數前面加from 和for類似 隱式參數
省略參數標簽
func someFunction(_ firstParameterName: Int, secondParameterName: Int) {
// In the function body, firstParameterName and secondParameterName
// refer to the argument values for the first and second parameters.
}
someFunction(1, secondParameterName: 2)
在參數名前面加_ 的時候 在函數調用的時候 參數名可以省略
默認參數值
func someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: Int, parameterWithDefault: Int = 12) {
// If you omit the second argument when calling this function, then
// the value of parameterWithDefault is 12 inside the function body.
}
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 3, parameterWithDefault: 6) // parameterWithDefault is 6
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 4) // parameterWithDefault is 12
如果是參數有默認值 那么，調用的時候可以 默認的參數可以 忽略
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 4)
如果都傳了參數 值那么 會按照 最新傳入的值進行運算
可變參數
func arithmeticMean(_ numbers: Double...) -> Double {
var total: Double = 0
for number in numbers {
total += number
}
return total / Double(numbers.count)
}
arithmeticMean(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
// returns 3.0, which is the arithmetic mean of these five numbers
arithmeticMean(3, 8.25, 18.75)
// returns 10.0, which is the arithmetic mean of these three numbers
求和，numbers: Double... 寫法我現在也沒搞明白為嘛這么寫
輸入輸出參數
func swapTwoInts(_ a: inout Int, _ b: inout Int) {
let temporaryA = a
a = b
b = temporaryA
}
var someInt = 3
var anotherInt = 107
swapTwoInts(&someInt, &anotherInt)
print("someInt is now \(someInt), and anotherInt is now \(anotherInt)")
// Prints "someInt is now 107, and anotherInt is now 3"
image.png
如果用inout修飾那么 必須要有 &來獲取參數的值
傳入一個參數，調用函數后，返回一個 “&參數”的值
函數類型
使用函數類型
func addTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
return a + b
}
func multiplyTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
return a * b
}
函數類型作為參數類型
var mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int = addTwoInts
image.png
定義一個方法，打印出來如上是function
mathFunction = multiplyTwoInts
print("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
// Prints "Result: 6"
函數類型作為返回類型
func printMathResult(_ mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int, _ a: Int, _ b: Int) {
print("Result: \(mathFunction(a, b))")
}
printMathResult(addTwoInts, 3, 5)
// Prints "Result: 8"
image.png
函數作為一個參數，
函數類型作為返回類型
func stepForward(_ input: Int) -> Int {
return input + 1
}
func stepBackward(_ input: Int) -> Int {
return input - 1
}
func chooseStepFunction(backward: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
return backward ? stepBackward : stepForward
}
var currentValue = 3
let moveNearerToZero = chooseStepFunction(backward: currentValue > 0)
// moveNearerToZero now refers to the stepBackward() function
print("Counting to zero:")
// Counting to zero:
while currentValue != 0 {
print("\(currentValue)... ")
currentValue = moveNearerToZero(currentValue)
}
print("zero!")
// 3...
// 2...
// 1...
// zero!
嵌套函數
func chooseStepFunction(backward: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
func stepForward(input: Int) -> Int { return input + 1 }
func stepBackward(input: Int) -> Int { return input - 1 }
return backward ? stepBackward : stepForward
}
var currentValue = -4
let moveNearerToZero = chooseStepFunction(backward: currentValue > 0)
// moveNearerToZero now refers to the nested stepForward() function
while currentValue != 0 {
print("\(currentValue)... ")
currentValue = moveNearerToZero(currentValue)
}
print("zero!")
// -4...
// -3...
// -2...
// -1...
// zero!
image.png
返回的類型是函數類型 函數的的返回值的類型是 整形
OK
本期的 Swift-函數就到這里。
