實(shí)用應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作
1. 句子類型判定
2. 句型相互轉(zhuǎn)化
3. 改錯(cuò)
1. Complete sentences and sentence fragments
It was rainning hard, they could not work? in the fields.
Improved:
①It was rainning hard; they could not? work in the fields.
②It was rainning hard. They could not? work in the fields.
③It was rainning so hard that hey could? not work in the fields.
④They could not work in the fields? because it was rainning so hard.
⑤As it was rainning hard, they could not work in the fields.
2. Types of sentences
①The Simple Sentence簡(jiǎn)單句: 只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。
Your uncle married my aunt. He is rich. She is poor. (simple sentence)
Answer: Your rich uncle married my poor aunt.
把三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，把后面兩個(gè)句子的謂語(yǔ)部分去掉，只剩下形容詞。
②The Compound Sentences并列句:? ? ? ? 由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句組合而成，通常由逗號(hào)加上并列連詞。(and, so, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither...nor, not only...but also, either...or)
Jerry is smart. He should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester. (compound sentence)
Answer: Jerry is smart, so he should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester.
由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句組合而成，通常由逗號(hào)加上并列連詞
③The Complex Sentences復(fù)合句:? ? ? ? ? 一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句加上由從屬連詞連接的另一個(gè)句子。從屬連詞指的是除并列連詞之外的連詞。
Mary put the steak on the grill. The charcoal was burning evenly. (complex sentence)
Answer: The charcoal was burning evenly, because Mary put the steak on the grill.
把兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句
④The Compound-Complex Sentences? ? 并列復(fù)合句: 一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句加上一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的復(fù)合句。
I returned to school following a long illness.? ? The math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course. (compound-complex sentence)
Answer: When I returned to school following a? long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course.
⑤The Periodic Sentence掉尾句:? ? ? ? ? ? ? 中心意思出現(xiàn)在句尾的句子成為掉尾句，修飾語(yǔ)放在句前。(次要信息在前，主要信息在后，使句子的重心置于句尾。)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
修飾語(yǔ)指的是詞組(如介詞詞組，分詞詞組)，狀語(yǔ)從句(時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因)，或其他不定式結(jié)構(gòu)等。
Loose Sentences松散句: 將句子中新置于句首，使主要信息一目了然。(與掉尾句相反)
Meet me in the courtyard for dessert when you finish doing the dishes. (periodic sentence)
Answer: When you finish doing the dishes, meet me in the courtyard for dessert.
⑥The Short and Long Sentence長(zhǎng)短句:? 短句顯得簡(jiǎn)練，有力量，但句子太短也會(huì)影響寫(xiě)作的流暢性。長(zhǎng)句可以將比較復(fù)雜的思維邏輯表達(dá)清楚?？梢岳眠B詞，包括從屬連詞，將短句連接到一起。
3.Common Errors常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤
①Run-on Sentence 串句/不間斷句子
誤將兩個(gè)句子串在一起的句子，有的用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，有的沒(méi)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。
方法:
1.將其分成兩個(gè)句子。
2.用連詞連接兩個(gè)句子。
3.用分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)句子。
There are many ways /we get to know the outside world.
此句包含兩個(gè)完整的意思，簡(jiǎn)單的合在一起不妥當(dāng)。
修改為:
There are many ways through which we get to know the outside world.
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.
②Fragmentary Sentence 破句/句子不完整
破句式串句的另一個(gè)極端，即把句子的一部分當(dāng)成一個(gè)句子。任何句子都必須包含一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)并且要包含完整的意思。如果缺少其中一個(gè)，就會(huì)變成破句。
常見(jiàn)的破句:
1.從屬連詞引出的破句。(after, unless, even though, even if, since, before, when, whenvever, because, if, while, who, as, which, although, though, so, where, until, that)
從屬連詞不能單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)獨(dú)立的句子，他們引導(dǎo)的句子必須要依靠另一個(gè)主句。
修改時(shí)，使其與前面或后面的句子相結(jié)合，使其從屬于某一個(gè)主句。
2.ing分詞和不定式引起的破句。
修改時(shí)
/將ing分詞融合到相鄰的句子中。
/為其加上一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，將ing變成動(dòng)詞的某種形式。
3.增加細(xì)節(jié)引起的破句。
這樣的破句，缺少主語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞，經(jīng)常由下面的詞引導(dǎo)出來(lái)，for example, also, except, such as, including, especially
修改時(shí)，給破句加上主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞。
4.缺少主語(yǔ)引起的破句。
改正方法是將破句與前句結(jié)合或增加一個(gè)主語(yǔ)。
③Faulty Parallelism錯(cuò)誤平行結(jié)構(gòu)
平行結(jié)構(gòu)是指把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的意思并列的成分用同等的語(yǔ)法形式表達(dá)出來(lái)。? ? ? ?
如果意思上并列的成分用不同的的語(yǔ)法形式來(lái)表達(dá)，就破壞了平行結(jié)構(gòu)。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
平行結(jié)構(gòu)可以是單詞，詞組，從句，也可以是句子。
1.不要使用and who/and which結(jié)構(gòu)
2.一些成對(duì)連詞，如 either...or, neither...nor, both...and...要連接語(yǔ)法一致的成分。
3.than和as引導(dǎo)的比較句。
是比較的東西或思想在邏輯上和語(yǔ)法上要一致。
④ Misplaced Modifiers錯(cuò)置修飾語(yǔ):由于修飾語(yǔ)的位置不正確而導(dǎo)致的句子錯(cuò)誤。
改正的方法是將修飾語(yǔ)和被修飾詞靠近。
⑤Dangling Modifiers垂懸修飾語(yǔ)
即修飾語(yǔ)在句中找不到邏輯上修飾的對(duì)象。
常見(jiàn)的有五種:
垂懸分詞/垂懸動(dòng)名詞/垂懸不定式/垂懸介詞/垂懸省略句。
修改方法:
1.明確動(dòng)作的實(shí)施者，是主語(yǔ)成為垂懸部分修飾的對(duì)象。
2.將省略句或分詞詞組擴(kuò)展成從句。
e.g. To do well in college, good grades are essential.
句中不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不清楚。
改為:To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
第一周筆記，僅供參考交流學(xué)習(xí)之用。
