>> Space and Time
Day4-5: Vocabulary
【圖例注釋】
[→]? Day4-5筆記
[ △ ] ?Day 6筆記
[☆ ] ?Annie FM
△ Our present ideas about the motion of bodies date back to Galileo and Newton.?
LINK>> Topic 1 △ Science is an ongoing search for truth - a perpetual?struggle?to discover how the Universe works that?goes back?to the earliest civilizations.?
△ date back: If something dates back to a particular time, it started or was made at that time.
△ go back: (Quote Annie)?' It actually started at a time point in the past and?has been going on. It came a long journey all the way til now, til here. Something can go back, meaning that it goes back from now, from right before you, and it goes back. ?So it has a long history. '?
→ Before them people believed Aristotle, who said that the natural state of a body was to be at rest and that it moved only if driven by a force or impulse.
impulse: ?[physics]
a. the product of the average magnitude of a force acting on a body and the time for which it acts
(product: the result of the multiplication of two or more numbers, quantities, etc)
(magnitude:a number assigned to a quantity, such as weight, and used as a basis of comparison for the measurement of similar quantities)
? ?(multiplication: an arithmetical operation, defined initially in terms of repeated addition, usually written a × b, a.b, or ab, by which the product of two quantities is calculated: to multiply a by positive integral b is to add a to itself b times.)
? ?(arithmetic: the branch of mathematics concerned with numerical calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division)
b. the change in the momentum of a body as a result of a force acting upon it for a short period of time
(momentum: [physics] ?the product of a body's mass and its velocity)
? ?(mass: a physical quantity expressing the amount of matter in a body. It is a measure of a body's resistance to changes in velocity (inertial mass) and also of the force experienced in a gravitational field (gravitational mass): according to the theory of relativity, inertial and gravitational masses are equal )
? ?聯(lián)想: mass, weight, inertia
→ So no one until Galileo bothered to see whether bodies of different weight did in fact fall at different speeds.
bother: to make (a person) alarmed or confused?
△ It is said that Galileo demonstrated that Aristotle's belief was false by dropping weights from the leaning tower of Pisa. …… The situation is similar to that of heavy bodies falling vertically, but it is easier to observe because the Speeds are smaller.?
△ For example, if you let go of a ball on a slope that drops by one meter for every ten meters you go along, the ball will be traveling down the slope at a speed of about one meter per second after one second.?
demonstrate: to describe, explain, or illustrate by examples, specimens, experiments, or the like
e.g. He demonstrated the force of gravity by dropping an object.?
versus indicate: If you indicate an opinion, an intention, or a fact, you mention it in an indirect way.?
△drop: let go of; fall (vertically) ? ☆ The index droped 5 percent.?
△fall: to drop or descend under the force of gravity, as to a lower place through loss or lack of support.?
e.g. The snow had ceased to fall, the thunder was gone, and the city was quiet.
☆ let go: “放手”讓小球自由順著重力方向滾下去。"let go of a ball instead of pushing the ball down."
△go down: lose; fall (see below)
☆ Galileo's measurements indicated that each body increased its speed at the same rate, no matter what its weight.?
☆ speed: 指代比velocity更為寬泛，如生活中的車速、做事情的速度等。
e.g. I'm very speedy in cleaning my room.?
☆ velocity: 物理學(xué)中的"速度"
☆ rate:?
? ? ① A rate is the amount of money that is charged for goods or services.?
speed rate: acceleration?
→ Of course a lead weight would fall faster than a feater.?
lead: a heavy toxic bluish-white metallic element that is highly malleable?
(metallic: (of a metal element) existing in the free state rather than in combination)?
(malleable: (esp of metal) able to be worked, hammered, or shaped under pressure or blows without breaking)?
→ Galileo's measurements were used by Newton as the basis of his laws of motion.?
LINK>> Topic 1
form the basis of?vs.?lay foundations for
→ This idea was first stated explicitly in Newton's Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, and is known as Newton's first law.?
explicitly: precisely and clearly expressed, leaving nothing to implication; fully stated?
e.g. Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything.
☆ What happens to a body when a force does act on it is given by Newton's second law.?
意群劃分： 【?What happens to a body [when a force does act on it] ?】? |? is given by Newton's second law.?
act on ?指force“作用”在物體上（受力對象）
☆ This states that the body will accelerate, or change its speed, at a rate that is proportional to the force.?
成正比例: proportional to
成反比例: inversely proportional to / proportional to the reciprocal of...?
→ If the law were that the gravitational attraction of a star went down faster or increased more rapidly with distance, the orbits of the planets would not be elliptical, they would either spiral in to the sun or escape from the sun.
spiral: [geometry] one of several plane curves formed by a point winding about a fixed point at an ever-increasing distance from it.
(plane: [mathematics] a flat surface in which a straight line joining any two of its points lies entirely on that surface)
形近辨析:?elliptical?vs. eclipse (見Topic1)
☆ The big difference between the ideas of Aristotle and those of Galileo and Newton is that Aristotle believed in a preferred state of rest, which any body would take up if it were not driven by some force Or impulse.?
take up??進(jìn)入一種狀態(tài)? ||? 采取某個立場?
☆ But it follows from Newton's laws that there is no unique standard of rest. ?
it follows from... : 前個假設(shè)可以推演出某個結(jié)論
A is B's father. It follows from that statement that B is A's offspring.?
☆ If one carried out experiments with moving bodies on the train, all Newton’s laws would still hold.?
hold: be true; remaining in the state of being true ? | ? keeps standing up ??“成立” ?
→☆?The lack of an absolute standard of rest meant that one could not determine whether two events that took place at different times occurred in the same position in space.?
☆ determine: 科學(xué)實驗用詞，“確定”?
event: [physics] in relativity, an occurrence that is sharply localized at a single point in space and instant of time
Word origin: ?OFr < L ?eventus, event, pp. of evenire, to happen ?|| ?< e-, out ?+ ?venire, come
→ When the famous Dr. Johnson was told of Berkeley's opinion, he cried, "I refute it thus!" and stubbed his toe on a large stone.
stub:(transitive) to strike (one's toe, foot, etc) painfully against a hard surface
stub his toe
↑ also>> (usually foll by out) to extinguish (a cigarette or cigar) by pressing the end against a surface
e.g. Instead, they were forced to compromise by having him stub out a cigarette.
→ Maxwell's equations predicted…that these would travel at a fixed speed, like ripples on a pond.?
ripple: a slight wave or undulation on the surface of water?
(undulation: any wave or wavelike form, line, etc)
Ripples are little waves on the surface of water caused by the wind or by something moving in or on the water.
e.g. The waves are difficult to detect because the ripples are extraordinarily small.?
→ If the wavelength of these waves (the distance between one wave crest and the next) is a meter or more, they are what we now call radio waves.?
crest: the top, highest point, or highest stage of something?
e.g. She reached the crest of a hill and looked down.?
[Synonym] ?peak, top
→ Shorter wavelengths are known as microwaves (a few centimeters) or infrared (more than a ten-thousandth of a centimeter).?
infrared: he part of the electromagnetic spectrum with a longer wavelength than light but a shorter wavelength than radio waves; radiation with wavelength between 0.8 micrometres and 1 millimetre ?（紅外線）
(The spectrum is the range of different colours which is produced when light passes through a glass prism or through a drop of water. A rainbow shows the colours in the spectrum.)
→ It was therefore suggested that there was a substance called the "ether" that was present everywhere, even in "empty" space.?
ether: [physics] a hypothetical substance supposed to occupy all space, postulated to account for the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through space.?
(postulate: If you postulate something, you suggest it as the basis for a theory, argument, or calculation, or assume that it is the basis.)
☆ In particular, as the earth was moving through the ether on its orbit round the sun, the speed of light measured in the direction of the earth's motion through the ether…should be higher than the speed of light at right angles to that motion…
right angles: ∠ 90°
→ To their great surprise, they found they were exactly the same!
LINK>> Topic1 ?to one's astonishment
→ However, in a famous paper in 1905, a hitherto unknown clerk in the Swiss patent office, Albert Einstein, pointed out that the whole idea of an ether was unnecessary, providing one was willing to abandon the idea of absolute time.?
hiterto: until this time
e.g. This was the most glorious day which I have hitherto seen.
clerk: an employee of a court, legislature, board, corporation, etc, who keeps records and accounts, etc
A clerk is a person who works in an office, bank, or law court and whose job is to look after the records or accounts.
e.g. So do three or four other claims clerks working within the same claims unit.
point out: to indicate or specify
[Synonym] indicate (see above with 'demonstrate')
→ He observed that the times at which the moons of Jupiter appeared to pass behind Jupiter were not evenly spaced, as one would expect if the moons went round Jupiter at a constant rate.?
☆ times?時間、時刻?
moon:
1. any natural satellite of a planet
e.g. the moons of Jupiter ?(暫時沒找到別的例句... )
*2. The moon is the object that you can often see in the sky at night. It goes round the Earth once every four weeks, and as it does so its appearance changes from a circle to part of a circle.
e.g. The moon had climbed a little and had turned a silvery yellow. ?
space: to place or arrange at intervals or with spaces between?
e.g. The distance of which every two students in this row is not evenly spaced.?
[NOTE] ?The meaning of 'space' always come to my mind with the celestial concept, so it's a familar word but I learn of its new way of use in sentences with a verb term.?
→ A proper theory of the propagation of light didn't come until 1865, when the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell succeeded in unifying the partial theories that up to then had been used to describe the forces of electricity and magnetism.?
propagate:
1. [physics] to move through, cause to move through, or transmit, esp in the form of a wave?
[NOTE] The word ‘propagate’ can be used to describe the movement of light since the light has particle-wave dual property.?
2. If people propagate an idea or piece of information, they spread it and try to make people believe it or support it.?
e.g. They propagated political doctrines which promised to tear apart the fabric of British society.
up to: until?
e.g. ?up to 1990; up to now ; up to then
→ Space and time are now dynamic quantities: when a body moves, or a force acts, it affects the curvature of space and time - and in turn the structure of space-time affects the way in which bodies move and forces act.?
curvature: the act of curving or tWhe state of being curved.?
e.g. He was described by Shakespeare as having a hunchback and indeed the skeleton shows evidence of curvature of the spine.
? ? (hunchback: A hunchback is someone who has a large lump on their back because their spine is curved.)
`Word Origin and History for 'curvature' :?
? ? 1660s, from Latin curvatura "a bending," from curvatus, past participle of curvare "to bend" (see curve (v.)). In non-Euclidian geometry, from 1873.
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Day6: Mindmap
Day7: 回顧與總結(jié)
【Mindmap】
>>問題與反思<<
平心而論，這次的mindmap遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有上一次做得令自己滿意。考慮到剛回校，注冊等事務(wù)繁多，學(xué)習(xí)時間一再被壓縮，且文章對subject knowledge有較高要求，我也預(yù)期到會有相較topic1略微遜色的成果。
經(jīng)過思考，除去時間因素，我認(rèn)為這次mindmap做得略遜色于topic1的原因有以下兩點：
1. 背景知識缺失導(dǎo)致無法準(zhǔn)確理解文章細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)而對把握文章邏輯走向不是十分到位；
2. 提煉關(guān)鍵詞的能力有待提高。目前的情況是：能理解大意時，無法用“精煉”的詞句表達(dá)，或提煉出的詞句并未完整地覆蓋main idea。這或多或少受了第一點的影響。應(yīng)對方法依然在探索中。
鑒于這學(xué)期更難的專業(yè)課，開學(xué)后時間并不會比這兩天更充裕。對于時間的掌控，也是需要思考如何平衡的一個方面。
>>觀察與對比<<
對比兩個topic中安妮的兩幅mindmap：在結(jié)構(gòu)上，科學(xué)簡史選擇的是“水平時間軸”，Space and Time采用的是“垂直時間軸”。
這兩個不同的導(dǎo)圖結(jié)構(gòu)選擇很有意思——科學(xué)簡史總體上是不斷前行的科學(xué)歷史時間軸，是“面”，故而選擇“橫向”的水平時間軸完全沒有問題；Space and Time是以物理學(xué)中科學(xué)家對于時空t的認(rèn)識及相關(guān)理論的發(fā)展，它圍繞著一個“點”深入探討，故而選擇在視覺上選擇給人以“深入挖掘”感受的“垂直時間軸”就顯得十分得當(dāng)。
對于我這樣的重度邏輯強迫癥，一個契合邏輯線的mindmap structure能讓人身心舒暢，瞬間領(lǐng)會重點。時間軸也是我一直很喜歡的串聯(lián)方式，以后我也將多嘗試采取時間軸的格局展開導(dǎo)圖。
【思考與體悟】
這個topic十分具有挑戰(zhàn)性，也給了我一些不一樣的契機思考問題。
一是如何陌生領(lǐng)域探索、專業(yè)知識近乎為零時，我們?nèi)绾螌W(xué)習(xí)，能學(xué)些什么？我認(rèn)為能學(xué)習(xí)的自然有許多，其中一個是“思維邏輯”。這一點是近期同時在精讀班與生活中的體悟，也讓我想起了曾經(jīng)糾結(jié)是否要看斯密的《國富論》時偶然看到的一句話：“在寫國富論的時候，是開辟混沌之時，我要的是國富論的思維邏輯和對于社會的辯證經(jīng)濟(jì)化的思想。這本書一定要看，人的思維邏輯沒有過時和不過時之說?！蔽蚁脒@句話已經(jīng)表明得十分清楚明白，也就不必贅述了。希望接下來的6個topic，自己能調(diào)整好自己的學(xué)習(xí)重心。
二是對自我的認(rèn)知。Day2安妮在群里說的一句話令我印象深刻：“要學(xué)會自己體會可以走多遠(yuǎn)?！?我一直認(rèn)為“內(nèi)心強大的人”能夠走得更遠(yuǎn)，而內(nèi)心的強大，建立在對自我認(rèn)知到位，清楚“力所及”與“力所不及”。這一點并非看起來那么容易。G.K. Chesterton once said: "one may understand the cosmos, but never the ego, the self is more distance than any star." 有時候，“認(rèn)識你自己”要比“認(rèn)識這個世界”還要困難。從點滴去觀察、體會，學(xué)會自我欣賞、自我反省，也要學(xué)會合理的自我定位。這次十分具有挑戰(zhàn)性的topic，加之學(xué)習(xí)時間壓縮所帶來的我必須面臨的困難，都讓我時時面臨一個“合理自我定位”的問題。這不是我第一次面對類似的問題，但卻是我第一次在多重壓力下，學(xué)著和自我 不斷對抗與妥協(xié)。我想，這會是一筆寶貴的財富。
最后，附上一則網(wǎng)站鏈接鏈接，是我高中時很喜歡的一篇演講稿，主題為discover yourself，演講者諸康妮（21世紀(jì)英語演講比賽高中組全國總冠軍）。Discover yourself-諸康妮
"Growing up is a process that discover yourselves."
鯨魚
2017年3月5日?
