In a community, the legislature, policemen and judges selected by the people engage in public affairs related to law. The government refers to the whole body of the three kinds of men, whose duties are making laws, seeing that the laws are obeyed and deciding what the laws mean.

Laws are made by the two houses of the legislature- the upper house and the lower house in the following procedure. Any member of one of the houses proposes a bill to his or her house and next its committee members debate the bill. Then all members of the house take a vote. If ayes are more than noes, the bill is said to have passed that house and goes to the other house being proposed, debated and voted. The bill cannot become a law unless it passed both two houses. Thus it is easy to see the advantages of having two houses in a legislature to avoid careless and bad laws. The number of the men in the two houses differs in different countries.

The second kind of men are public officers of the administration whose duty is to see that the laws are obeyed, the head of whom is called the president. He also has something to do with making laws. It is his duty to advise the legislature what laws he thinks ought to be made. He has the veto power before a bill becomes a law. The vetoed bill should be debated and voted again and it is able to become a law with the two-thirds ayes of both houses.

The judges- whose duty is to explain the laws and the jury- whose duty is to decide on the facts in dispute together form a court. And sometimes the court does not have jury if there is no dispute.

These three sets taken together form a government. It is important for every American citizen to understand what sorts of laws and what officers are selected to attend to the public business.

【outline】

Outline (separation of powers)

1.Law&Gov.

2.the two Houses-make law

3.the administration-see that the laws are obeyed

4.the courts-decide what the laws mean

5.Gov.

【自改思路】

這篇寫摘要的難度提升，原文邏輯有些散，所以寫摘要不再是跟隨行文順序走了。動筆前首先要確定文章重點講什么，哪些需要著重筆墨描述，哪些比較次要。本文立法、行政、司法三個機構(gòu)行文結(jié)構(gòu)上看似并列，其實側(cè)重了立法過程，應(yīng)對涉及到立法的機構(gòu)和人員進行整合。一稿雖然有此意向，但依然想偷懶，不敢打破思維定式，提出嚴重批評。

【安妮說】

1.寫摘要，通過實例總結(jié)出本質(zhì)

【精彩表達】

mete out punishment給予懲罰

This explains why ...用于銜接

... As for...用于銜接

Neither the monarch nor the aristocrat could be found in a republic?where no?inherited position?exists.

Same with?the monarch, an aristocrat inherits his place from his father.

When we talk about the 'law' of gravitation, we?refer to the fact that?things always fall towards the ground.

be deterred by the?crime-punishing laws

Only after the bill goes through both houses with the majority of each house voting“aye”(yes) for it, it lands on the deskof the president, the head of administration,for a final “yes” or vetodecision. The president’s nod means the bill becomes a law at once, yet a veto will return it to the senate and only a vast majority- over two thirds-in favor at re-votecan keep the bill on the table.學(xué)習(xí)這一段

【拓展閱讀】

附鏈接：常用法律用語