前言
Android無障礙,我們平常接觸時,比較熟悉的有“綠色守護”以及“搶紅包”這些,其便利性便是在沒有“root權(quán)限”的情況下,可以“觸摸”其他應(yīng)用來做一些操作。然而,無障礙的初衷卻是為視覺障礙的人提供操控手機的可能。
Android中的實現(xiàn)
Android包含幾個支持視覺障礙用戶訪問的特性;他們不需要應(yīng)用做出巨大的視覺改變。
TalkBack是由Google公司提供的一個預(yù)安裝屏幕閱讀服務(wù)。它使用語音反饋描述操作的結(jié)果(如啟動一個app)和事件(如通知)。
Explore by Touch(觸摸瀏覽)是與TalkBack協(xié)作的系統(tǒng)特性,允許用戶觸摸設(shè)備屏幕并通過語音反饋聽取手指觸摸的內(nèi)容。該特性對低視力用戶有幫助。
無障礙設(shè)置允許用戶修改設(shè)備的展示和聲音選擇,例如放大文本字體,改變文本閱讀的速度等等。
一些用戶使用硬件或軟件定向控制(例如,D-pad,軌跡球,鍵盤)從屏幕上的一個選擇跳轉(zhuǎn)到另一個選擇。他們以線性順序與應(yīng)用的結(jié)構(gòu)進行交互,這種線性順序類似于電視的四個方向遠程控制導(dǎo)航。
基本組件的無障礙開發(fā)
對于Android的基礎(chǔ)組件,只需要簡單的在xml或代碼中設(shè)置contentDescription屬性。
AccessibilityEvent : 在用戶和ui交互時,由系統(tǒng)發(fā)送的無障礙事件,例如按鈕被點擊,或者一個view被focus,參見AccessibilityService,一個無障礙事件的最主要作用就是暴露給AccessibilityService足夠多的信息,以提供給用戶界面良好的反饋。
AccessibilityNodeInfo:一個view狀態(tài)的快照,代表了窗口中包含的節(jié)點的信息。
View.AccessibilityDelegate:View 的內(nèi)部類,通過組合而非繼承的方式來控制處理無障礙事件。包括發(fā)送,初始化事件以及節(jié)點屬性。
辣么我們來看下view里面是如何初始化無障礙事件的:
/**
* Initializes an {@link AccessibilityEvent} with information about
* this View which is the event source. In other words, the source of
* an accessibility event is the view whose state change triggered firing
* the event.
* <p>
* Example: Setting the password property of an event in addition
* to properties set by the super implementation:
* <pre> public void onInitializeAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent event) {
* super.onInitializeAccessibilityEvent(event);
* event.setPassword(true);
* }</pre>
* <p>
* If an {@link AccessibilityDelegate} has been specified via calling
* {@link #setAccessibilityDelegate(AccessibilityDelegate)} its
* {@link AccessibilityDelegate#onInitializeAccessibilityEvent(View, AccessibilityEvent)}
* is responsible for handling this call.
* </p>
* <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> Always call the super implementation before adding
* information to the event, in case the default implementation has basic information to add.
* </p>
* @param event The event to initialize.
*
* @see #sendAccessibilityEvent(int)
* @see #dispatchPopulateAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent)
*/
@CallSuper
public void onInitializeAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent event) {
if (mAccessibilityDelegate != null) {
mAccessibilityDelegate.onInitializeAccessibilityEvent(this, event);
} else {
onInitializeAccessibilityEventInternal(event);
}
}
/**
* @see #onInitializeAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent)
*
* Note: Called from the default {@link AccessibilityDelegate}.
*
* @hide
*/
public void onInitializeAccessibilityEventInternal(AccessibilityEvent event) {
event.setSource(this);
event.setClassName(getAccessibilityClassName());
event.setPackageName(getContext().getPackageName());
event.setEnabled(isEnabled());
event.setContentDescription(mContentDescription);
switch (event.getEventType()) {
case AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_FOCUSED: {
ArrayList<View> focusablesTempList = (mAttachInfo != null)
? mAttachInfo.mTempArrayList : new ArrayList<View>();
getRootView().addFocusables(focusablesTempList, View.FOCUS_FORWARD, FOCUSABLES_ALL);
event.setItemCount(focusablesTempList.size());
event.setCurrentItemIndex(focusablesTempList.indexOf(this));
if (mAttachInfo != null) {
focusablesTempList.clear();
}
} break;
case AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_SELECTION_CHANGED: {
CharSequence text = getIterableTextForAccessibility();
if (text != null && text.length() > 0) {
event.setFromIndex(getAccessibilitySelectionStart());
event.setToIndex(getAccessibilitySelectionEnd());
event.setItemCount(text.length());
}
} break;
}
}
在初始化調(diào)用onInitializeAccessibilityEvent時,會將設(shè)置到view中的mContentDescription等屬性放進AccessibilityEvent中去。
無障礙事件如何發(fā)送呢?
/**
* Sends an accessibility event of the given type. If accessibility is
* not enabled this method has no effect. The default implementation calls
* {@link #onInitializeAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent)} first
* to populate information about the event source (this View), then calls
* {@link #dispatchPopulateAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent)} to
* populate the text content of the event source including its descendants,
* and last calls
* {@link ViewParent#requestSendAccessibilityEvent(View, AccessibilityEvent)}
* on its parent to request sending of the event to interested parties.
* <p>
* If an {@link AccessibilityDelegate} has been specified via calling
* {@link #setAccessibilityDelegate(AccessibilityDelegate)} its
* {@link AccessibilityDelegate#sendAccessibilityEvent(View, int)} is
* responsible for handling this call.
* </p>
*
* @param eventType The type of the event to send, as defined by several types from
* {@link android.view.accessibility.AccessibilityEvent}, such as
* {@link android.view.accessibility.AccessibilityEvent#TYPE_VIEW_CLICKED} or
* {@link android.view.accessibility.AccessibilityEvent#TYPE_VIEW_HOVER_ENTER}.
*
* @see #onInitializeAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent)
* @see #dispatchPopulateAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent)
* @see ViewParent#requestSendAccessibilityEvent(View, AccessibilityEvent)
* @see AccessibilityDelegate
*/
public void sendAccessibilityEvent(int eventType) {
if (mAccessibilityDelegate != null) {
mAccessibilityDelegate.sendAccessibilityEvent(this, eventType);
} else {
sendAccessibilityEventInternal(eventType);
}
}
在AccessibilityService中調(diào)用view 的sendAccessibilityEvent,由view中的內(nèi)部類對象AccessibilityDelegate來處理。
這樣就完成了一個完整的處理流程,從初始化->用戶接觸產(chǎn)生并發(fā)送事件->接受事件->talkback和 Explore by Touch 反饋給用戶。
這里有個問題,我們沒有設(shè)置過TextView中的contentDesciption屬性,為什么開啟無障礙后,居然能夠讀出上面的文字呢?
自定義view的無障礙開發(fā)
在做自定義view的開發(fā)時,會遇到一個問題,我們知道繼承View時,此時一個單獨的contentDescription是不能夠描述當(dāng)前的布局屬性的,來給無障礙很好的反饋支持,最典型的栗子便是月歷這個自定義view,單獨設(shè)置contentDescription時,我們只能知道它是一個月歷顯示,不能知道里面的每一個節(jié)點的具體信息,星期幾?幾號?
Android 便提供了一種解決方案:** 既然不是真實存在的,就虛擬出節(jié)點來。**
-
AccessibilityNodeProvider: This class is the contract a client should implement to enable support of a virtual view hierarchy rooted at a given view for accessibility purposes. A virtual view hierarchy is a tree of imaginary Views that is reported as a part of the view hierarchy when an AccessibilityService
explores the window content. Since the virtual View tree does not exist this class is responsible for managing the AccessibilityNodeInfo
s describing that tree to accessibility services.
進一步的,為了降低開發(fā)成本,google為開發(fā)者提供了ExploreByTouchHelper來降低開發(fā)成本。
整個過程大致分三個步驟:
1 . 初始化
mAccessHelper = new MyExploreByTouchHelper(someView);
ViewCompat.setAccessibilityDelegate(someView, mAccessHelpe
2 . 處理以及發(fā)送事件
@Override
public boolean dispatchHoverEvent(MotionEvent event) {
return mHelper.dispatchHoverEvent(this, event)
|| super.dispatchHoverEvent(event);
}
sendEventForVirtualView(int, int))(int virtualViewId, int eventType)
Populates an event of the specified type with information about an item and attempts to send it up through the view hierarchy.
3 . 生成虛擬節(jié)點以及描述信息初始化
class MyExploreByTouchHelper extends ExploreByTouchHelper{
public MyExploreByTouchHelper(View forView) {
super(forView);
}
@Override
protected int getVirtualViewAt(float x, float y) {
//根據(jù)想x,y坐標(biāo)點返回虛擬節(jié)點的id
return 0;
}
@Override
protected void getVisibleVirtualViews(List<Integer> virtualViewIds) {
//虛擬節(jié)點的id list
}
@Override
protected void onPopulateEventForVirtualView(int virtualViewId, AccessibilityEvent accessibilityEvent) {
//填充無障礙事件的屬性,例如contentDescription
accessibilityEvent.setContentDescription(getItemDescription(virtualViewId));
}
@Override
protected void onPopulateNodeForVirtualView(int virtualViewId, AccessibilityNodeInfoCompat accessibilityNodeInfoCompat) {
//初始化虛擬節(jié)點的位置等其他屬性
accessibilityNodeInfoCompat.setBoundsInParent(mTempRect);
accessibilityNodeInfoCompat.addAction(AccessibilityNodeInfoCompat.ACTION_CLICK);
}
@Override
protected boolean onPerformActionForVirtualView(int i, int i1, Bundle bundle) {
return false;
}
}
查看
虛擬的節(jié)點如何能 查看到呢?
Android Studio ->Tools -> Android ->Android Device Monitor -> touch Process (選中某個界面進程) -> Dump View Hierarhchy for UI Automator。
這里dump 出來的不止真實的ui組件,還包括我們自建的虛擬的veiw樹,這樣更具象化,可以很好的定位問題。
總結(jié)
我們在做日常開發(fā)的過程中,很少會關(guān)注到無障礙這部分的內(nèi)容,但是仍有一部分人也希望能夠和我們一樣方便的使用移動設(shè)備,所以也希望開發(fā)者們能夠關(guān)注到這一點,雖然很小的一點改變,卻能讓這個世界更美好一點。
也有部分開發(fā)者通過創(chuàng)新,希望能夠利用到contentDescription字段做一些協(xié)議層面的東西,畢竟Android框架提供了這個不需要root權(quán)限變可以通過一個app來做跨應(yīng)用服務(wù)。但是這里可能也需要權(quán)衡,畢竟有一部分人是需要【初衷】的無障礙。