英語文法與寫作—前置詞(preposition)(介詞?)

1. 前置詞的定義

前置詞(preposition)是描述名詞或代詞與其它詞之間含義的關(guān)系的連接詞(connective word):例如,“The book lie?before?me?on?the dest.”

(注:單詞preposition,古英語由兩部分組成,pr?(“before”的意思,“在前面”),ponere(“to place”的意思,“放置”),字面意思,就是放置到某物的前面;這樣命名是因為最初就是放在動詞前面對其進(jìn)行修飾,現(xiàn)在,通常放在名詞和代詞前面?,F(xiàn)在中文把它譯為“介詞”,偏離了詞的本意,有點(diǎn)匪夷所思,在嚴(yán)復(fù)的<<英文漢詁>>中,將之譯為“介系部”,估計這個名稱是這么來的。但是后續(xù)也有學(xué)者將它譯為“前置詞”,這個更為形象,也和原本單詞含義一致,可為啥后來很多書不采用這一譯法,也是不能理解。類似的譯法還有inflection譯為“曲折變換”,譯為詞尾變換不是更好嗎?本文preposition采用“前置詞”譯名。)

I. 依賴前置詞的名詞或代詞又稱為受它支配(governed),并充當(dāng)賓格(object case)。

II. 前置詞與詞匯連接,表明了某事物與其它事物之間的某種關(guān)系:

(1) 與其它事物之間的關(guān)系;

(2) 與其它某種行為之間的關(guān)系;

(3) 與其它某種屬性之間的關(guān)系。

例如,在后面句子中,“I saw a man in a boat,”“In”是前置詞,標(biāo)識了這種關(guān)系(在位置上),即人對于船來說,人在它里面。

III. 可以在其前面放置前置詞的相當(dāng)于名詞的格式有:

(1) 帶to的不限定式動詞(to不定式):“None knew thee BUT?to love?thee.

(2) ing格式的不限定式動詞(動名詞):“His conduct IN rescuing the child was greatly praised.”

(3) 從句:“This will depend ON who the commissioners are.”

2. 前置詞可連接的成分

前置詞可以連接名詞或代詞與名詞,動詞,或者形容詞。

(1) 連接另一個名詞或代詞:“There is a BOOK?on?the?table.”“Give IT?to me.”

(2) 連接一個動詞:“James HAS RETURNED?from school.

(3) 連接一個形容詞:“He is FOND?of?his book.”

3. 前置詞的賓語

前置詞的賓語是依賴于它或受其支配的名詞或代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞或代詞的成分),例如——

She is far?from?the?land?where her young hero sleeps,and lovers?around her;But coldly she turns?from?their?gaze?and weeps,F(xiàn)or her heart?in?his?grave?is lying.

I. 在通常的詞匯排布中,前置詞出現(xiàn)在賓語之前,但是調(diào)換這種詞序的情況也時有發(fā)生,在詩歌和散文化中都存在這種情況——例如,在詩歌中,“Where echo walks the steep hills?among”;在散文中,“The pen that I am writing?with”=?with which?I am writing.

II. 支配賓格,意味著使名詞或代詞承擔(dān)賓格是必要的;就像及物動詞控制賓格形式的名詞和代詞一樣。由于名詞賓格格式的缺失,這種前置詞支配或控制的能力在話語部分的單詞中并不明顯;但是,在擁有明顯的格的代詞中可以看到:例如,“from him,” “to me,” “by us,” “among them。

4. 主要前置詞列表


5.前置詞注意事項

I.?前置詞分析——上面列出的前置詞, 以下部分是簡單前置詞:

at,from,of,till,upby,inon,to,with,for,of,through。

大部分其它的前置詞,就它們的根(origin)而言,可以分成以下類別

(1)?將前置詞前置a(=on,in),或者be(=by)作為前綴加入到作為實(shí)詞的名詞或代詞上構(gòu)成前置詞(a在古英語中是一個前置詞,相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的on,in;古英語中,be是前置詞by的弱讀形式,基本形式相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的about或around):即,

a-cross(來自法語croix,a cross),a mong或a mongst,a-gainst,a-round,a-mid或a-midst(Anglo-Saxon詞on mid’dum,on+形容詞middle中的mid),a-thwart,be-low或be-side,be-tween或be-twixt(between來自于tweon,twain的意思,派生于twa,two之意。)

Along由and(=opposite)和long組成;since派生于Anglo-Saxon單詞sith(=late);inside=in+side;outside=out+side。

(2)?將前置詞作為前綴加入到動詞上構(gòu)成前置詞:例如——

a-bout=a(on) + be(by)+out

a-bove=a(on) + be(by)+ove(up)

be-fore=be(by) + fore

be-hind=be(by) + hind

be-neath=be(by) + neath(under)

be-yond=be(by) +yond(yonderthere)

but=be(by) + utan,by out,即on the outside of,和except

throughout=through + out

underneath=under + neath

(3)?通過比較級后綴而派生于副詞的詞前置:即——

af-ter,根為af(=of=from)的比較級:即,more from(a certain time,等等;

ov-er,根為ofuf的比較級:即,more up;

un-der,包括根in+der(=ther),一個比較級的后綴。

II.?有幾個屬于話語部分的單詞通常歸為前置詞,其功能有更好的定義,它們是:

(1)?ExceptSave(exceptsave可能是拉丁語獨(dú)立奪格的殘余,在其中,使用了exceptosalvo),動詞to exceptto save=(to leave out)的祈使語氣。


(3) During(dure的現(xiàn)在分詞,表示to endure,或last之意)在完全主格中伴隨一個名詞:例如,“during?the night”= the light?during?or lasting。Notwithstanding,同樣的條件下伴隨一個名詞。

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選出下列句子中的前置詞:

1. The man with the gray coat fell from the top of the wall.

2. We rise at seven o'clock in the wmter, and in summer at six.

3. James VI., of ScotJund,was the great-grand-nephew of Henry VII. of England, the first of the Tudor line.

4. There are many proofs of the roundness of the earth.

5. The head of the gang listened in silence to the remonstrances of his subordinates.

6. His head had not been five seconds under water, when he rose to the surface and swam towards the bank.

7. He of the rueful countenance answered without delay.

8. As we walked across the bridge we saw a number of fish in the pool beneath us.

9. With patience you may succeed.

10. I have not seen him since Monday, but I expect him within an hour.

11. A brilliant meteor shot athwart the sky, and was lost behind the hill.

12. The poor bird took refuge in a hole in the oak, and died of fright.

13. Indian corn, when ripe in October, is gathered in the field by men who go from hill to hill with baskets into which they put the corn.

14. The creaking of the masts was frightful.

15. We gazed with Inexpressible pleasure on those happy Islands.

16. It happened one day, when going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man's naked foot on the shore.

來源:<<英語文法和寫作>> William Swinton,1879 年版。

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