腫瘤、癌癥、癌、肉瘤定義

腫瘤：機(jī)體在各種致瘤因素作用下，局部組織的細(xì)胞在基因水平上失掉了對(duì)其生長(zhǎng)的正常調(diào)控，導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的異常增生而形成的新生物。
癌癥：泛指所有的惡性腫瘤，包括癌、肉瘤、白血病等。
癌：上皮來(lái)源的惡性腫瘤，如乳腺癌、支氣管（肺）癌、胃癌、大腸癌等
肉瘤：間胚葉或結(jié)締組織來(lái)源的惡性腫瘤，如骨肉瘤、淋巴肉瘤、纖維肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、血管肉瘤等

tumor、cancer、sarcoma、carcinoma定義

Tumor:tumor is an abnormal new mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or don’t die when they should, which includes benign tumor and malignant tumor.

Cancer: malignant tumor is also called cancer, which is a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and invade nearby tissue and spread. And cancer includes carcinoma and sarcoma.

Carcinoma: carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

Sarcoma: sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

Leukemia: leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

Lymphoma and multiple myeloma:lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.

原癌基因（proto-oncogene）
癌基因（oncogene）
抑癌基因（suppressive oncogene/tumor suppressor oncogene）

原癌基因：指存在于生物正常細(xì)胞基因組中的癌基因。正常情況下，存在于基因組中的原癌基因處于低表達(dá)或不表達(dá)狀態(tài)，并發(fā)揮重要的生理功能。

癌基因：指體外引起細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化在體內(nèi)誘發(fā)腫瘤的基因

抑癌基因：存在于正常細(xì)胞內(nèi)可抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)并具有潛在抑癌作用的基因。抑癌基因在控制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、增殖及分化過(guò)程中起著重要的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)作用。

Cancer-critical genes are grouped into two broad classes, according to whether the cancer risk arises from too much activity of the gene product, or too little. Genes of the first class, in which a gain-of-function mutation can drive a cell toward cancer, are called proto-oncogene, their mutant, overactive or overexpressed forms are called oncogenes. Genes o the second class, in which a loss-of-function mutation can contribute to cancer, are called tumor suppressor genes. A third class, whose effects are more indirect, are those genes whose mutation results in genomic stability, a class we describe as DNA maintenance genes.

目前腫瘤的發(fā)病情況與趨勢(shì)

癌癥嚴(yán)重危害各國(guó)人民的健康與生命，而且癌癥的發(fā)生率和死亡率逐漸上升。

《全球癌癥統(tǒng)計(jì)2020年版》：乳腺癌發(fā)病率超過(guò)肺癌位于首位，而中國(guó)新發(fā)癌癥病例人數(shù)、癌癥死亡人數(shù)居全球第一。

《2015年中國(guó)癌癥發(fā)病與死亡統(tǒng)計(jì)》：粗發(fā)病率和死亡率總和較1“4年同期數(shù)據(jù)略有上漲，一年新增病例近400萬(wàn)，肺癌占二成，與貧困、傳染相關(guān)的癌癥（如食管癌、胃癌、肝癌）負(fù)擔(dān)減小，與西式生活方式相關(guān)癌癥（如結(jié)直腸癌）患者增加。雖我國(guó)癌癥5年生存率約為40.5%，與十年前相較提高了約10個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，但我國(guó)預(yù)后較好的腫瘤（如乳腺癌、甲狀腺癌、前列腺癌等）5年生存率仍與歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家有差距。差距源于我國(guó)癌癥患者的早診早治率低、晚期病例臨床診治不規(guī)范。