A. Data Type?
e.g. data definition (Object, characteristics, judge), data relationships (Y, X), Defect, Continuous, Discrete, full population data, sample etc. Data type classification determine what type of tests can be done in the following steps.
按類型來(lái)分析字段
B. Stability
e.g. goodness of measure (reliability, variability, validity, consistency), run charts, sample correlation and consistency tests, data trust, consistency of samples, time effects. Stability of data determine the quality of our data, the scope of samples needed, strength of conclusions, and about the existence of common and special cause variation influencing performance.
數(shù)據(jù)的穩(wěn)定性 整體的一致性 如信校度：
一、信度
1、信度（reliability）即可靠性，它指的是采取同樣的方法對(duì)同一對(duì)象重復(fù)進(jìn)行測(cè)量時(shí)，其所得結(jié)果相一致的程度。從另一方面來(lái)說(shuō)，信度就是指測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的可靠程度。
2、信度是指測(cè)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的一致性、穩(wěn)定性及可靠性，一般多以內(nèi)部一致性來(lái)加以表示該測(cè)驗(yàn)信度的高低。信度系數(shù)愈高即表示該測(cè)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果愈一致、穩(wěn)定與可靠。
3、系統(tǒng)誤差對(duì)信度沒(méi)什么影響，因?yàn)橄到y(tǒng)誤差總是以相同的方式影響測(cè)量值的，因此不會(huì)造成不一致性。反之，隨機(jī)誤差可能導(dǎo)致不一致性，從而降低信度。
二、效度
1、效度（Validity）即有效性，它是指測(cè)量工具或手段能夠準(zhǔn)確測(cè)出所需測(cè)量的事物的程度。效度是指所測(cè)量到的結(jié)果反映所想要考察內(nèi)容的程度，測(cè)量結(jié)果與要考察的內(nèi)容越吻合，則效度越高；反之，則效度越低。效度分為三種類型：內(nèi)容效度、準(zhǔn)則效度和結(jié)構(gòu)效度。
2、效度是測(cè)量的有效性程度，即測(cè)量工具確能測(cè)出其所要測(cè)量特質(zhì)的程度，或者簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)是指一個(gè)測(cè)驗(yàn)的準(zhǔn)確性、有用性。效度是科學(xué)的測(cè)量工具所必須具備的最重要的條件。
3、在社會(huì)測(cè)量中，對(duì)作為測(cè)量工具的問(wèn)卷或量表的效度要求較高。鑒別效度須明確測(cè)量的目的與范圍，考慮所要測(cè)量的內(nèi)容并分析其性質(zhì)與特征，檢查測(cè)量的內(nèi)容是否與測(cè)量的目的相符，進(jìn)而判斷測(cè)量結(jié)果是否反映了所要測(cè)量的特質(zhì)的程度。
C. Shape
e.g. normality test, normal distribution, random distribution, exponential distribution, bell curve. Shape provide conclusions about overall trends and existence of sub-segments of data.
數(shù)據(jù)是否服從某種分布
D. Spread
e.g. range, quartiles, interquartile range, variance, standard deviation (e.g. boxplot, σ, test for equal variance). Spread provide conclusions about variation of both Y and X as well as how consistent and homogeneous performance is.
數(shù)據(jù)的分布情況
E. Central tendency
e.g. mean, median, mode, average (T tests, Anova). Central tendency provide conclusions about the average, to what extent performance is on or off target, and performance differences between different initiatives, artifacts, people, processes, or services.
數(shù)據(jù)的趨勢(shì)
F. Capability
e.g. performance tests vs. expectations/targets (Z, USL, LSL, defect, performance gap) . Capability test provide conclusions about the overall performance of the data studied vs. the objectives/targets, and to which extent gaps and improvement options exist.
數(shù)據(jù)和目標(biāo)的差距
